N6-adenosine-methyltransferase 70 kDa subunit (METTL3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the METTL3 gene.[5] METTL3 is located on the human chromosome 14q11.2 (Cancer Biology) and out of the METTL protein family, it is the most studied. [6]
This gene encodes the 70 kDa subunit of MT-A which is part of N6-adenosine-methyltransferase. This enzyme is involved in the post-transcriptional methylation of internal adenosine residues in eukaryotic mRNAs, forming N6-methyladenosine (m6A).[5] METTL3 forms the m6 a methyltransferase complex with METTL14 and WTP and is responsible for a majority of the m6a modifications of mRNA.[6] The most common modification being the catalyzation of m6a with the methyltransferase complex.[7] METTL3 is expressed in a variety of normal tissues, such as the lymphoid, testis, prostate and fallopian tube tissues. The enzyme is also responsible for mechanisms related to tumor development, RNA stability and maturation, and has suggested roles in ensuring animal survival.[6]
Function
editThe m6A methyltransferase complex
editIn the m6a methyltransferase complex (MTC), METTL3 is a part of the m6A “writers” and is a core catalytic component.[8] METTL3 interacts with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a methyl donor to catalyze the formation of the MTC complex via methyl transfer.[7] METTL3 forms the heterodimer complex with METTL3, binds to SAM and interacts with substrate RNA to transfer methyl groups to target RNA. The complex can also bind to target RNA using WTAP. After a METTL3-METTL14-WTAP complex forms, METTL3 can bind to RBM15. Then, MTC can be recruited at specific sites in the RNA.[8]
In cancer
editMETTL3 acts as an m6a methyltransferase in cancer, mostly as an oncogene, and sometimes a tumor suppressor. In most examples, METTL3 promotes the initiation and development of cancers such as lung, liver, gastric, prostate and breast cancer. METTL3 does so through applying m6a modifications on crucial mediators and transcripts. An example of this is METTL3 expression in pancreatic cancer. In pancreatic cancer, METTL3 expression applies m6a modifications onto the oncogene primary miR-25, provoking malignant transformation via enhanced maturation of the miRNA.[9]
In a few cases, METTL3 acts as a tumor suppressor. The m6a mRNA modifications from METTL3 can promote tumor suppressor proliferation, migration, and invasion. In colorectal cancer, METTL3 promotes the tumor suppressor through p38/ERK pathways.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000165819 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022160 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: METTL3 methyltransferase like 3".
- ^ a b c Qi YN, Liu Z, Hong LL, Li P, Ling ZQ (August 2023). "Methyltransferase-like proteins in cancer biology and potential therapeutic targeting". Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 16 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s13045-023-01477-7. PMC 10394802. PMID 37533128.
- ^ a b Xu P, Ge R (February 2022). "Roles and drug development of METTL3 (methyltransferase-like 3) in anti-tumor therapy". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 230: 114118. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114118. PMID 35063732.
- ^ a b Jin Q, Qu H, Quan C (November 2023). "New insights into the regulation of METTL3 and its role in tumors". Cell Communication and Signaling. 21 (1): 334. doi:10.1186/s12964-023-01360-5. PMC 10732098. PMID 37996892.
- ^ a b Zeng C, Huang W, Li Y, Weng H (August 2020). "Roles of METTL3 in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic targeting". Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 13 (1): 117. doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00951-w. PMC 7457244. PMID 32854717.
Further reading
edit- Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–1292. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.
- Bujnicki JM, Feder M, Radlinska M, Blumenthal RM (October 2002). "Structure prediction and phylogenetic analysis of a functionally diverse family of proteins homologous to the MT-A70 subunit of the human mRNA:m(6)A methyltransferase". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 55 (4): 431–444. Bibcode:2002JMolE..55..431B. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2339-8. PMID 12355263. S2CID 34823321.
- Leach RA, Tuck MT (October 2001). "Expression of the mRNA (N6-adenosine)-methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding subunit mRNA in cultured cells". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 33 (10): 984–999. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00071-1. PMID 11470232.
- Bokar JA, Shambaugh ME, Polayes D, Matera AG, Rottman FM (November 1997). "Purification and cDNA cloning of the AdoMet-binding subunit of the human mRNA (N6-adenosine)-methyltransferase". RNA. 3 (11): 1233–1247. PMC 1369564. PMID 9409616.
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