Maʿna, also known as Maʿna of Pars, Maʿna of Rev Ardashir or Maʿna of Shiraz, was a Persian Christian theologian, author and an East Syriac metropolitan bishop of Pars during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
Mar Maʿna | |
|---|---|
| Metropolitan of Beth Parsaye and Beth Hendwaye | |
| Church | Church of the East |
| Province | Pars |
| See | Pars (Rev Ardashir, Shiraz) |
| Appointed | Aba I |
| Installed | 540 |
| Predecessor | Ishoʿbokth, Aqacius |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Arzun |
| Orders | |
| Rank | Metropolitan bishop |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 5th century Shiraz ? |
| Died | 6th century |
| Denomination | East Syriac Christianity |
| Alma mater | School of Edessa,
School of Nisibis |
Maʿna is chiefly noted for the translation of Syriac and Greek Christian literature into Pahlavi language. He is the first Christian writer known to have written in Pahlavi and is generally attributed with the translation of the Pahlavi Psalter from the Syriac Peshitta.
Identity
editThe biography of Maʿna is largely shrouded in mystery due to the unavailability of clear and complete historical documentation. There has been significant degree of confusion in determining his identity due to the fact that a number of different individuals have been known by the name Maʿna in the 5th and 6th centuries in the East Syriac church. These include Maʿna, an East Syriac catholicos, as well as another individual known as Maʿna Shirazi.[1]
The chief sources for Maʿna include, the Chronicle of Seert, an important historical document of the Church of the East, and the Ecclesiastical chronicles of Bar Ebroyo.[1] Maʿna was one of the Nestorian scholars of the School of Edessa who took refuge in Sassanid Mesopotamia after the school was forcefully shut down by the Roman Empire due to its alleged Nestorian tendencies. He, along with his colleagues under the leadership of Narsai, moved to Nisibis and revitalized its ancient school of Christian learning under the patronage of Barsauma, the Metropolitan of Nisibis. There, he became the mentor of Mar Aba and later was appointed as the Metropolitan bishop of Pars while serving as the bishop of Arzun. While being in Pars, he dedicated himself for the evangelization of the local Persians and the people from distant regions that was under his metropolitan authority by the translation of Syriac religious and liturgical texts into the vernacular Pahlavi language.[2]
Biography
editInformation about Maʿna's early life is obscure. He is first mentioned as one among the teachers in the catechetical school of Edessa. The school is noted for its allegiance towards the Antiochene school of christology and its support for the Antiochene theologians. There he was involved in translation of the Greek liturgical and theological texts of Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia into Classical Syriac, most of which are now lost. Following the Nestorian controversy of the 5th century in the Roman Imperial church, the perceived pro-Nestorian tendencies of the school eventually led to its censure and later in 489, its complete closure by the Emperor Zeno.[1] This necessitated Maʿna and his colleagues led by their leader Narsai to take refuge in the Sassanid Empire where they would eventually settle at and revitalize the ancient school of Nisibis. Maʿna resumed teaching in Nisibis and could gather a number of students including Mar Aba. Maʿna having been appointed as the bishop of the nearby town of Arzun, was accompanied by Aba, his devoted student who started teaching under his guidance.[2]
Maʿna was one of the bishops involved in the election of Aba as catholicos of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in a move to heal the schisms within the church that had been resulted from the parallel administration of the rival catholicoi Elisha and Narsai and political interference from the Empire. Aba initiated a crusade to remove parallel administration of dioceses by multiple bishops appointed by the former rival catholicoi.[3] In 540, he entrusted the ecclesiastical province of Pars to Maʿna and removed the two rival bishops, namely Ishobokth and Aqaq from office, installing Mana in their place.[2][4]
Maʿna's archiepiscopal ministry in Pars is noted for his efforts to evangelize the local Persians and multitude of Christian communities in the distant maritime regions of the Indian Ocean including Beth Qatraye and India by translating Syriac liturgical hymns, discourses and responses into Pahlavi and supplying them to the local churches for fulfilling their liturgical requirements.[5][2] He is also believed to have translated the Psalms from the Peshitta into Pahlavi.[6] Contemporary Persian Christian presence in the Indian Subcontinent and islands, such as Sri Lanka and Socotra, is confirmed from the account of Cosmas Indicopleustes, an Alexandrian disciple of Mar Aba.[7][8]
The Pahlavi Psalter
editApart from the Pahlavi hymns and liturgical compositions, the most important work attributed to Mar Maʿna is the Pahlavi Book of Psalms.[9][10] Pars, especially in its urban centers like Shiraz and Rev Ardashir, is known to have housed, since the time of the Babylonian exile, an important settlement of Jews, who gradually ended up being a Persian speaking community. It is highly probable that Maʿna may have thought it was desirable to have a translation of the psalter in Persian for the use of the Persian-speaking people.[2] This vernacular translation of the psalms highly impressed Mar Aba, who is said to have added to it the Pahlavi translation of the Canons he composed in Syriac and led the process of copying the entire psalter for use in the East Syriac church's dioceses both within Sassanid regions and the vast exterior mission areas including Central Asia and China.[11]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c Vööbus (1965), p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e Kenneth J. Thomas & Ali Asghar Aghbar (2015), p. 39.
- ^ Van Rompay (2011).
- ^ Chabot (1902), p. 322–3, 330–1, 350–1.
- ^ Mingana (1926), p. 25.
- ^ Kenneth J. Thomas & Fereydun Vahman.
- ^ Walker (2011).
- ^ M T Antony (2015).
- ^ Whittingham (2020), p. 12.
- ^ Kenneth J. Thomas & Fereydun Vahman, p. 209-213.
- ^ Kenneth J. Thomas & Ali Asghar Aghbar (2015), p. 37.
Sources
edit- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1902). Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens (PDF). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
- M T Antony (2015). "Alengad Sliva- The Neglected Jewel of the ancient Christian settlement in Alengad and the most ancient Christian artefact of Malabar". The Harp. XXX. Kerala, India: Saint Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute ( SEERI).
- Kenneth J. Thomas; Ali Asghar Aghbar (2015). A Restless Search: A History of Persian Translations of the Bible. SBL Press. ISBN 9781944092023.
- Kenneth J. Thomas; Fereydun Vahman. "BIBLE vii. Persian Translations of the Bible". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. IV/2. pp. 209–213.
- Gelston, Anthony (1992). The Eucharistic prayer of Addai and Mari. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-19-826737-1.
- Mingana, Alphonse (1926). "The Early Spread of Christianity in India". The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 10 (2) (2010 ed.). Gorgias Press: 435–514. doi:10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7. ISBN 978-1-61719-590-7.
- Van Rompay, Lucas (2011). Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Aba I. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition.
- Vööbus, Arthur (1965). Universitat Catholicae Americae; Universitat Catholicae Lovaniensis (eds.). History of the School of Nisibis. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Vol. 266 Tomus 26. Louvain: Secrétariat du CorpusSCO.
- Walker, Joel T. (2011). Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Fars. Gorgias Press.
- Whittingham, Martin (7 November 2020). A History of Muslim Views of the Bible: The First Four Centuries. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110335880.