"Maiden in the mor lay" or "The Maid of the Moor" is a Middle English lyric of the early 14th century,[1] set to a melody which is now lost. The literary historian Richard L. Greene called it "one of the most haunting lyrics of all the Middle Ages",[2] and Edith Sitwell thought it "a miracle of poetry".[3] It is a notoriously enigmatic poem, perhaps devotional, perhaps secular, which depicts a maiden in the wilderness who lives on flowers and spring-water. Critics are divided in their interpretation of her: she may be the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene, a water-sprite, or an ordinary human girl. The 14th-century bishop Richard de Ledrede's dissatisfaction with this song led to an alternative lyric for it being written, a Latin religious poem, Peperit virgo.
Text
edit| Original Middle English text | Text in modernized spelling |
|---|---|
|
Maiden in the mor lay, |
Maiden in the moor lay, |
Manuscript and publication
editThe poem survives in only one manuscript, Bodleian Library Rawlinson D.913,[6] which was bequeathed to the library in 1755 by the antiquarian bibliophile Richard Rawlinson.[7] Bound into this manuscript is a strip of vellum, eleven inches by four inches, on which are written about a dozen poems including "Maiden in the mor lay", "Hay! Robyne, Malkin", and the well-known lyric "Ich am of Irlaunde".[8][9] "Maiden in the mor lay" has been transcribed into the manuscript in an abbreviated form which requires modern editors to reconstruct its full text.[10]
The poem was first published by Wilhelm Heuser in 1907 in the German academic journal Anglia, but came to wider attention when Kenneth Sisam included it in his 1921 anthology Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose and again when it appeared in W. H. Auden and Norman Holmes Pearson's Poets of the English Language (1950).[11][12]
Peperit virgo
editThe Red Book of Ossory is a 14th-century manuscript containing a number of poems on sacred subjects intended to replace the lyrics of pre-existing songs. The manuscript's compiler, Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory, intended thereby to discourage clerics in his diocese from singing "songs that are lewd, secular, and associated with revelry". One of the poems included, Peperit virgo, bears a marginal note reading "[M]ayde y[n] the moore [l]ay".[13][14] The stanza form of Peperit virgo will with only fairly slight adjustment match that of "Maiden in the mor lay", so that the Latin words could have been sung to the tune of the English lyric.[15][16] That tune is now lost.[17]
Analysis
editThe identity of the maiden in this poem has been the subject of enough dispute to warrant comparing her to the Dark Lady of Shakespeare's sonnets.[18][19] The Middle English scholar D. W. Robertson Jr. interpreted her as the Virgin Mary, and the moor as "the wilderness of the world under the Old Law before Christ came". Medieval artists, he wrote, sometimes depicted the Virgin Mary adorned with roses and lilies, as in the last verse of the poem. E. M. W. Tillyard preferred to see her as Mary Magdalene, or alternatively as Mary of Egypt,[4] and Joseph C. Harris concurred that the maiden is the Mary Magdalene of medieval legend pursuing an ascetic life in the wilderness, or moor.[5]
On the other hand it has been argued that Richard de Ledrede's inclusion of "Maiden in the mor lay" among the lewd and secular songs that required new pious lyrics precludes any possibility of its being a religious poem.[20] This argument has been strengthened by the discovery of a reference in a 14th-century Latin sermon to a canticus or karole called "þe mayde be wode lay", together with a marginal note quoting the line "þe cold water of þe well spryng". The words canticus and karole suggest a secular song, and the textual variant ("be wode" for "in the mor") could indicate that it was a popular song whose precise words varied from place to place.[21] The general style of "Maiden in the mor lay" also suggests to some critics a popular, secular song rather than a devotional one.[22][23] This opens other possibilities in interpreting the figure of the maiden. She has been seen as a spirit of the well-spring connected with midsummer fertility rites known as "well-wakes", where perhaps "Maiden in the mor lay" was sung while one of the participants impersonated her in a dramatic dance or mime.[24][25] Alternatively it might be a song used to accompany a game.[15] If so, it could, as R. A. Waldron suggested, be a children's singing game in which a dead girl is described as being buried "in the mire".[26]
But it may not be necessary to choose between secular and religious interpretations of the poem. These, and other Middle English lyrics, could quite possibly have been intended to be capable of diverse readings.[27]
Musical settings
editAs noted above, the music to which this lyric was set does not survive, though one modern edition, that of Dobson and Harrison,[28] prints it with the melody of the unrelated 13th-century song "Bryd on brere".[29]
In 1958 the film composer James Bernard published Three Mediaeval Poems, settings for unaccompanied chorus of "Maiden in the mor lay" along with the anonymous Falcon Carol and Chaucer's "Nowe welcome, Somor".[30][31] Benjamin Britten's Sacred and Profane, first performed in 1975, is a work for vocal quintet or five-part chorus to eight Middle English texts, including the "Maiden".[32][33] Nicholas Sackman's setting of the poem for tenor and percussion was composed for The NMC Songbook, a 2009 release celebrating the 20th birthday of NMC Recordings.[34][35]
Footnotes
edit- ^ Davies 1964, p. 102.
- ^ Greene, Richard Leighton (1974). The Lyrics of the Red Book of Ossory. Medium Aevum Monographs, NS 5. Oxford: Blackwell. p. x. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Burrow 1984, p. 3.
- ^ a b Saupe 1997.
- ^ a b Fowler 1984, p. 113.
- ^ Butterfield 2016, p. 171.
- ^ "MS. Rawl. D. 913". Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Butterfield 2016, pp. 171–174.
- ^ Bennett, J. A. W.; Gray, Douglas (1990) [1986]. Middle English Literature 1100–1400. The Oxford History of English Literature, I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 397–398. ISBN 0198122284. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Duncan, Thomas G. (2005). "Middle English lyrics: metre and editorial practice". In Duncan, Thomas G. (ed.). A Companion to the Middle English Lyric. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. p. 32. ISBN 1843840650. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Tillyard, E. M. W. (1952). The English Renaissance: Fact or Fiction?. Hogarth Lectures on Literature, 17. London: Hogarth Press. p. 39. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Butterfield 2016, p. 170.
- ^ Greene 1952, p. 504.
- ^ Burrow 1984, p. 19.
- ^ a b Stevens 1982, p. 254.
- ^ Stevens 1986, p. 183.
- ^ Speirs 1957, p. 60.
- ^ Greentree, Rosemary (2007). "Lyric". In Brown, Peter (ed.). A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture c. 1350–c. 1500. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 391. ISBN 9780631219736. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Wenzel 1974, p. 69.
- ^ Greene 1952, p. 506.
- ^ Wenzel 1974, passim.
- ^ Davies 1964, pp. 320–321.
- ^ Trapp, J. B. (1973). Medieval English Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 419. ISBN 9780195016246. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Speirs 1957, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Dronke, Peter (2002) [1968]. The Medieval Lyric. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer. pp. 195–196. ISBN 0859914844. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Greentree, Rosemary (2001). The Middle English Lyric and Short Poem. Annotated Bibliographies of Old and Middle English Literature, 7. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. p. 366. ISBN 0859916219. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Saupe, Karen, ed. (1997a). "Middle English Marian Lyrics: Introduction". TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Robbins Library, University of Rochester. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Dobson, E.; Harrison, Frank Ll. (1979). Medieval English Songs. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 188–193. ISBN 057109841X. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Butterfield 2016, p. 192.
- ^ Huckvale, David (2006). James Bernard, Composer to Count Dracula: A Critical Biography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 94. ISBN 0786423021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "Catalogue search". British Library Catalogue. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Kennedy, Michael, ed. (1980). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 553. ISBN 0193113201. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Grimshaw, Jeremy. "Benjamin Britten Sacred and Profane, medieval lyrics (8) for SSATB chorus, Op. 91". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "Nicholas Sackman". British Music Collection. Sound and Music. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Clements, Andrew (17 April 2009). "The NMC Songbook; Various Artists". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
References
edit- Burrow, J. A. (1984). Essays on Medieval Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198111878. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Butterfield, Ardis (2016). "Poems without form? Maiden in the mor lay revisited" (PDF). In Cervone, Cristina Maria; Smith, D. Vance (eds.). Readings in Medieval Textuality: Essays in Honour of A. C. Spearing. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. pp. 169–194. ISBN 9781843844464. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- Davies, R. T. (1964). Medieval English Lyrics: A Critical Anthology. Chicago: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810100754. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Fowler, David C. (1984). The Bible in Middle English Literature. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295954388. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Greene, Richard L. (October 1952). "'The Maid of the Moor' in the Red Book of Ossory". Speculum. 27 (4): 504–506. doi:10.2307/2850478. JSTOR 2850478. S2CID 162229732.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Saupe, Karen, ed. (1997). "Chansons d'aventure and love quests". TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Robbins Library, University of Rochester. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Speirs, John (1957). Medieval English Poetry: The Non-Chaucerian Tradition. London: Faber and Faber. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Stevens, John (1982). "Medieval lyrics and music". In Ford, Boris (ed.). Medieval Literature: Chaucer and the Alliterative Tradition. The New Pelican Guide to English Literature. Volume 1, Part 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 248–276. ISBN 0140222642. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Stevens, John (1986). Words and Music in the Middle Ages: Song, Narrative, Dance and Drama, 1050–1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521339049. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- Wenzel, Siegfried (January 1974). "The moor maiden – a contemporary view". Speculum. 49 (1): 69–74. doi:10.2307/2856553. JSTOR 2856553. S2CID 162245454.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)