His Royal Majesty, Begha U Tiv, Orchivirigh, Makir Zakpe (or Dzakpe, Zape) was the first Tor Tiv,[1] who ruled from September 19, 1946, to October 11, 1956.[2]
| His Royal Majesty, Begha U Tiv, Orchivirigh, Makir Zakpe | |
|---|---|
| Tor Tiv I | |
 Young Makir Zakpe in the Nigerian army | |
| Reign | 19 September 1946 – 11 October 1956 |
| Successor | Gondo Aluor |
| Born | 11 April 1896 Mbayar, Mbaduku District, Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State |
| Died | 11 October 1956 Gboko |
| Burial | Abagu, Gboko, Benue State |
Early life
editHis Royal Mayesty Makir Zakpe, the first Tor Tiv was born at Mbayar, Nyumangbagh of Mbaduku District in the present day Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State. He is from Kunav, Jechira of Ipusu lineage in the Tiv genealogy. His mother was from Mbagen in Buruku Local Government Area.[3]
Career
editMilitary Career
Late Makir Zakpe was enlisted into the Royal West African Frontier Force(WAFF) army stationed at Calabar in 1918 and was posted to the third battalion of the Southern Nigeria Regiment. He was part of the Nigerian forces that fought in the Second World War between 1939 and 1946 [4] and was promoted to the rank of Battalion Sergeant Major (BSM) before retiring.
Law enforcement
On his retirement from the army, Makir Zakpe got enlisted into the Nigeria Police Force at the Jema’a Native Authority Police, Kafanchan where he was later transferred back home to Benue state to the Tiv Native Authority (TNA),Gboko as a police chief.[5]
Coronation as Tor Tiv
editMakir Zakpe together with his fellow veterans of the British West African Frontier Force (WAFF) of Tiv extraction started clamoring for a Tiv king on their return from the army. Their battles in the world war made them understand that they were all fighting for and against Kings. When they got back to Nigeria, they felt the colonial British government treated their own kin the Tiv people with injustice with their indirect rule strategy of dividing them into 3 factions and keeping them under the rulership of the Jukun minority at the North-East, Cross River at the South and Lafia division at the North-West.[6] This led to conflicts and riots and the pressure was on the governor of Nigeria, Sir Arthur Richards who permitted the Tiv people to chose their own king.[7]
There was a lot of politicking among the local chiefs and influential tiv sons of the time but in September 1946, the groups resolved to two contestants.[8] Makir Zakpe for the Ipusu royal house and Gondo Aluor for the Ichongo royal house. The vote was cast for the two contestants and Makir got the highest votes and was installed on the 1st of November, 1947 by the governor of Nigeria in Gboko.[9] He ruled as the Tor Tiv from his house at Joe Akaahan way, Gboko until his death.[10]
Politics
editIn 1944, the governor of Nigeria, Sir Arthur Richard formally allowed the Tiv people to select a king.[11] Chief Jato Aka of Turan and Ikyaagba Akpeye of Kunav were some of the first to receive the news and because of the respect accorded to them by the colonizers, they were almost the most suitable candidates except for the fact that they were very old men at the time. So, they decided to support other candidates.
Ikyaagba prepared his grandson Orya Chenge Ikyaagba and Jato Aka supported Gondo Aluor. The kunav people were not pleased with Ikyaagbas choice. Orya Chenge unfortunately died at Gboko. The atmosphere became so tense at Kunavland because they were allegations of witchcraft and the Tiv people alleged the cause of Oryas death to a mystical thunder strike ordered by other interested parties vying for the throne from Kunavland.
Ikyaagba being an old man was heartbroken but now furious. So, he schemed for the throne to go to any another part of tivland but not his kindred the kunav people. His schemes were almost successful as Gondo Aluor was scheduled to be coronated as the first Tor Tiv the next day. The news about Ikyaagbas plans were leaked to other Kunav chiefs by a man named Abela Manta. The Kunav chiefs immediately convened at Night and extended an invitation to Ikyaagba. In attendance were Achir Mede, Adamgbe Adasu, Uchir Zungwe and Agbo Kpire. Apologies were offered to Ikyaagba about the death of his grandson and a reconciliation and a resolution was made. They had a unanimous candidate who was Makir Zakpe, who was a world war 2 veteran from Kunav.[12]
On the day of the coronation which was the next day, the Kunav chiefs used their sons Igeege Fate and Deem Kpum who were the interpreters of the British Governor Sir Arthur Richard to foster their agenda. They told the tiv council of chiefs that the governor said a king cannot be chosen at his absence and in turn told the governor that the Tiv think its more honorable to choose a king in his presence.
The tiv chiefs then waited on Ikyaagba to speak since he was the most respected by the whites and was part of the initial agreement for the Gondo Aluor kingship. Ikyaagba simply motioned to Agbo Kpire. Agbo Kpire told the council of elders that Ikyaagba said, the new king will be his walking stick so his choice is Makir Zakpe and then re-emphasised on the need for a new king who is a war veteran because the war veterans were the ones that brought about campaign for a new king and then rounded it up with a saying; Kpan ka a tese ambi akula.(translated as when a slave shows you faeces he packs it up).
This did not sit well with the other contender Gondo Aluor and some of his supporters. So he got up and asked Ikyaagba if this was the agreement they had yesterday. To which Agbo Kpire answered; dza kaa kwagh mom ga (which translates, the mouth didn't say only one thing).
The disagreement was apparent to the governor so he asked for a vote. Makir Zakpe became victorious with 25 votes while Gondo Aluor got 11 votes and 18 chiefs did not agree to vote. The governor then rescheduled the coronation date for the 3rd of April 1947 where Makir Zakpe was crowned.
The confirmation of Makir Dzakpe as the first Tor Tiv marked the climax in the political development of the Tiv. The appointment also contributed a great deal to the resolution of the looming crisis following the death of Audu Dan Afoda in 1945.[13]
Achievements
editAs a Tor Tiv, he made sure there were no conflicts on every part of tivland. As a military veteran, he understood conflict resolution and applied it wisely among his people. He also approved the construction of the Tor Tiv office building. He also wiped out the 1948 Garyo movement.[14]
Death
editMakir Zakpe died on October 11, 1956, after a brief illness that was not made public. He was buried at Abagu Gboko on October 14, 1956. This has become the burial ground of all other successive Tor Tiv.[15]
References
edit- ^ "The History of Political Change amoung the Tiv in the 19th and 20th Centuries". Tesemchi Makar.
- ^ Bohannan, Paul (1955). "A Tiv Political and Religious Idea". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11 (2). Paul Bohannan: 137–149. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.11.2.3628967. JSTOR 3628967.
- ^ Makar, Tesemchi (1994). The History of Political Change Among the Tiv in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Fourth Dimension Pub. ISBN 978-978-156-389-8.
- ^ "The Tiv Military System in Warfare and Resistance to External Conquest, c.1500-1915".
- ^ "Nigerian police". Nigerian police force.
- ^ The Tiv politics and national development : issues and perspectives. Lapai democracy series. Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria : Department of History and International Studies, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, 2013. 2013. ISBN 978-978-8441-61-8.
- ^ "Political Aspects of Tiv Social Organization". Political Aspects of Tiv Social Organization. In Middleton, J. and Tait, D. Bohannan, L. 1957. 1957. pp. 33–66.
- ^ Tiv politics since 1959. Mvendaga Jibo. 1993. ISBN 978-978-32380-0-8.
- ^ Beyond Hate and Violence: Understanding the Tiv Struggle for Citizenship Rights and Social Justice in Nigeria. Iorwuese Hagher. 2002. ISBN 978-978-35972-4-2.
- ^ Dorward, David Craig (1969). "The Development of British Colonial Administration among the Tiv, 1900-1949". African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society. 68 (273). Dorward, David Craig: 316–333. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095924.
- ^ "Old Sinister: A Memoir of Sir Arthur Richards". Richard Peel.
- ^ "Akiga Sai: Excerpts from History of the Tiv". Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute. 85 (4). Cambridge University Press: 619–627. 2015.
- ^ "Ator A Zan Adua (Christian Traditional Rulers) and Tiv Culture in the 21st Century". International Journal of Culture and History.
- ^ Makar, Tesemchi (1994). The History of Political Change Among the Tiv in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Fourth Dimension Pub. ISBN 978-978-156-389-8.
- ^ Makar, Tesemchi (1994). The History of Political Change Among the Tiv in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Fourth Dimension Pub. ISBN 978-978-156-389-8.