This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2017) |
Mala is a Telugu caste from the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are also present in smaller numbers in the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra. They are classified as a Scheduled Caste (SC) by the Government of India.[1] According to 2001 census data, Malas constituted 41.6 percent (5.39 lakh) of the Scheduled Castes population in the then state of Andhra Pradesh, which also included the present state of Telangana.[2]
| Mala | |
|---|---|
| Religions | |
| Languages | Telugu |
| Populated states | Andhra Pradesh • Telangana • Karnataka |
| Ethnicity | Telugus |
History
editDuring the 12th century, Palanati Brahmanaidu, the minister of Palnadu, took Kannamma Dasu, a Mala who valiantly fought and died in the Battle of Palnadu, under his patronage. Subsequently, the descendants of Kannama Dasu were known as Mala Dasulus and were appointed as head priests of the Chennakesava Swamy Temples.[3] Malas are traditional silk weavers as well. Even these sects exists presently in some parts of Andhra Pradesh.
In 1909, Edgar Thurston noted that Malas were originally a tribe of freelance hill warriors and paid mercenaries who raided and looted under the Polygars of Vijayanagara.[4]
In the 19th century, many Malas, especially in coastal Andhra, converted to Lutheranism after the arrival of Christian missionaries.
In 1917, Bhagya Reddy Varma & Aringe Ramaswamy organised Adi-Andhra movement led Malas alongside Madigas to be part of Dravidian ideology. In the census of 1931, about a lot of them mentioned their castes as Adi Andhra and were officially included into the list of Depressed Classes in 1935 Govt. of India Acts and later got carried in 1950 Constitution of India.[5]
With the advent of the Green revolution, Reddys, who had bought up lands from the erstwhile Brahmin landlords. However, the landless Dalits (mainly Malas) and backward classes still faced dire circumstances due to lack of support from various governments. Dalits were unable to obtain land, or quality education. Starting in the 1980s with the political ascendancy of the Reddy communities, Malas and other Dalits became the targets of violence with increasing frequency and brutality. Influenced by Ambedkarite and Marxist thought, the Dalit Mahasabha, with charismatic leaders such as Katti Padma Rao and Bhojja Tarakam sought the annihilation of caste and untouchability through social transformation, very different from the Gandhian ideals of "upliftment." Their demands also included true land reform. A boost to their organization occurred after the brutal Tsundur massacre of 1991, where Reddys slaughtered 8 Malas. However, the movement was weakened when Rao sought to enter electoral politics.[6]
Politics
editWhen the Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party won the Uttar Pradesh assembly elections in 1993, it gave hope to Katti Padma Rao that a similar victory could be achieved in Andhra Pradesh. However, because of this, the movement split: with Rao leading a faction favouring political influence and Tarakam leading a separate faction. Rao's dreams were shattered by the assembly elections of 1994, where the TDP promised a slew of populist schemes to counter the mobilization of subaltern castes and won decisively.[6]
Tarakam opposed the 'Madiga Dandora Movement' in 1990s related to categorisation of the Scheduled Caste quota and denied allegations of snatching major share of caste quotas and established 'Mala Mahanadu' to counter its demands. However, the CBN government, sensing an opportunity to divide the Dalits, established a commission which recommended sub-categorization of SC quota. This infuriated the Malas and inexorably divided the Malas and Madigas, so that a united Dalit movement would be less strong than earlier.[6]
Culture
editThe Mala of Andhra Pradesh are considered a righthand community (valangai - agricultural basis), whilst the Madiga of the region are the left-hand (idangai - castes based on manufacturing, eg., leatherwork).[7][needs context] https://doi.org/10.1177/025764309501100101
Distribution
editAccording to Government of India census data from 2001,[2] Malas constituted 41.6 percent (5,139,305) of the Scheduled Castes (SC) population in the then state of Andhra Pradesh, which has subsequently been bifurcated by the creation of Telangana state.[2]
They are also classified as a Scheduled Caste in Karnataka.[8]
Mala Conversion
editA significant section of the Mala, and almost all in Coastal Andhra, turned to Christianity but after noticing the similar caste politics in the Telugu Catholic church, shifted to Protestantism instead. They are mainly prominent in the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church (AELC) and Church of South India (CSI).[9]
They made good use of the Christian educational programs, elevating some of their social position and now form part of the upper middle class. These Christian Malas are commonly called Merugumala people, who came from Godavari Krishna basin. They are eligible to avail themselves of reservation under "Backward Classes -C" category with 1% reservation at state level and as Other Backward Class at the national level, although many claim no reservation and form part of the general Forward caste category.[10]
Some have been demanding central Government to accord them SC status on par with Dalit Buddhists, Dalit Sikhs and not to discriminate them on religious grounds for being Dalit Christians. The case related to their demand is pending with the Supreme Court of India since 2005.[11][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Tiwari, Ravish (4 November 2015). "Dalit Muslims, Dalit Christians & quota: What is it all about?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ a b c "Tables on Individual Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST),2001" (PDF).
- ^ "In Andhra Village, Ten Generations of Dalit Priests Offer a Lesson on Social Harmony". thewire.in. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ Omvedt, Gail (30 January 1994). Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-81-321-1983-8.
- ^ Service, Tribune News. "Saga of Dalits' assertion". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ a b c Still, Clarinda (6 July 2017). Dalit Women: Honour and Patriarchy in South India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-58819-5.
- ^ Gudavarthy, Ajay (24 January 2013). Politics of Post-Civil Society: Contemporary History of Political Movements in India. SAGE Publications India. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-321-1322-5.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Prabhakar, Anuparthi John (6 October 2016). Preaching Contextually: A Case with Rural Dalits in India. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-945926-85-3.
- ^ List of OBC's, Andhra Pradesh State. "Central list of other backward classes" (PDF).
- ^ Tiwari, Ravish (4 November 2015). "Dalit Muslims, Dalit Christians & quota: What is it all about?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ "Resolution seeking SC status to Dalit Christians passed". Deccan Chronicle. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
Further reading
edit- Pai, Sudha (2011). "Affirmative Action, Group Rights and Democracy: The Mala-Madiga Conflict in Andhra Pradesh". In Kumar, Ashutosh (ed.). Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions within Regions. Routledge. pp. 352–377. ISBN 978-0415597777.