The Mali and Immortalis series of graphics processing units (GPUs) and multimedia processors are semiconductor intellectual property cores produced by Arm Holdings for licensing in various ASIC designs by Arm partners.

Mali
ARM Cortex A57 A53 big.LITTLE SoC with a Mali-T624 GPU
Release date2005
Architecture
  • Utgard
  • Midgard
  • Bifrost
  • Valhall
ModelsSee Variants
Cores1-32 cores
Fabrication process4-40 nm
API support
OpenCL1.1-3.0
Vulkan1.0-1.3

Mali GPUs were developed by Falanx Microsystems A/S, which was a spin-off of a research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.[1] Arm Holdings acquired Falanx Microsystems A/S on June 23, 2006 and renamed the company to Arm Norway.[2]

It was originally named Malaik, but the team shortened the name to Mali, Serbo-Croatian for "small", which was thought to be fitting for a mobile GPU.[3]

On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Immortalis series of GPUs with hardware-based Ray Tracing support.[4]

GPU Architectures

edit

Utgard

edit

In 2005, Falanx announced their Utgard GPU Architecture, the Mali-200 GPU.[5] Arm followed up with the Mali-300, Mali-400, Mali-450, and Mali-470. Utgard was a non-unified GPU (discrete pixel and vertex shaders).[1]

Midgard

edit

Midgard 1st gen

edit

On November 10, 2010, Arm announced their Midgard 1st gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T604 and later the Mali-T658 GPU in 2011.[6][7][8][9] Midgard uses a Hierarchical Tiling system.[1]

Midgard 2nd gen

edit

On August 6, 2012, Arm announced their Midgard 2nd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T678 GPU.[10] Midgard 2nd gen introduced Forward Pixel Kill.[1][11]

Midgard 3rd gen

edit

On October 29, 2013, Arm announced their Midgard 3rd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T760 GPU.[12][1][13][14][15]

Midgard 4th gen

edit

On October 27, 2014, Arm announced their Midgard 4th gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T860, Mali-T830, Mali-T820. Their flagship Mali-T880 GPU was announced on February 3, 2015. New microarchitectural features include:[16]

  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-T880, with 256KB – 2MB L2 cache

Bifrost

edit

Bifrost 1st Gen

edit

On May 27, 2016, Arm announced their Bifrost GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G71 GPU. New microarchitectural features include:[17][18]

  • Unified shaders with quad vectorization
  • Scalar ISA
  • Clauses execution
  • Full cache coherency
  • Up to 32 cores for the Mali-G71, with 128KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G71 has 40% more performance density and 20% better energy efficiency than the Mali-T880

Bifrost 2nd gen

edit

On May 29, 2017, Arm announced their Bifrost 2nd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G72 GPU. New microarchitectural features include:[19][20]

  • Arithmetic optimizations and increased caches
  • Up to 32 cores for the Mali-G72, with 128KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G72 has 20% more performance density and 25% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G71

Bifrost 3rd Gen

edit

On May 31, 2018, Arm announced their Bifrost 3rd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G76 GPU. New microarchitectural features include:[21][22]

  • 8 execution lanes per engine (up from 4). Doubled pixel and texel throughput
  • Up to 20 cores for the Mali-G76, with 512KB – 4MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G76 has 30% more performance density and 30% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G72

Valhall

edit

Valhall 1st Gen

edit

On May 27, 2019, Arm announced their Valhall GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G77 GPU, and in October Mali-G57 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include:[23][24][25]

  • New superscalar engine
  • Simplified scalar ISA
  • New dynamic scheduling
  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-G77, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G77 has 30% more performance density and 30% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G76

Valhall 2nd Gen

edit

On May 26, 2020, Arm announced their Valhall 2nd Gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G78. New microarchitectural features include:[26][27][28]

  • Asynchronous clock domains
  • New FMA units and increase Tiler throughput
  • Up to 24 cores for the Mali-G78, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm Frame Buffer Compression (AFBC)
  • Arm claim the Mali-G78 has 15% more performance density and 10% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G77

Valhall 3rd Gen

edit

On May 25, 2021, Arm announced their Valhall 3rd Gen GPU Architecture (as part of TCS21), including the Mali-G710, Mali-G510, and Mali-G310 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include:[29][30][31]

  • Larger shader cores (2x compared to Valhall 2nd Gen)
  • New GPU frontend, Command Stream Frontend (CSF) replaces the Job Manager
  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-G710, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G710 has 20% more performance density and 20% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G78

Valhall 4th Gen

edit

On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Valhall 4th Gen GPU Architecture (as part of TCS22), including the Immortalis-G715, Mali-G715, and Mali-G615 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include:[4][32]

  • Ray Tracing support (hardware-based)
  • Variable Rate Shading[33]
  • New Execution Engine, with doubled the FMA block, Matrix Multiply instruction support, and PPA improvements
  • Arm Fixed Rate Compression (AFRC)
  • Arm claim the Immortalis-G715 has 15% more performance & 15% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G710[34]

5th Gen

edit

On May 29, 2023, Arm announced their 5th Gen Arm GPU Architecture (as part of TCS23), including the Immortalis-G720, Mali-G720 and Mali-G620 GPUs.[35][36][37] New microarchitectural features include:[38]

  • Deferred vertex shading (DVS) pipeline
  • Arm claim the Immortalis-G720 has 15% more performance and uses up to 40% less memory bandwidth than the Immortalis-G715

Technical details

edit

Like other embedded IP cores for 3D rendering acceleration, the Mali GPU does not include display controllers driving monitors, in contrast to common desktop video cards. Instead, the Mali ARM core is a pure 3D engine that renders graphics into memory and passes the rendered image over to another core to handle display.

ARM does, however, license display controller SIP cores independently of the Mali 3D accelerator SIP block, e.g. Mali DP500, DP550 and DP650.[39]

ARM also supplies tools to help in authoring OpenGL ES shaders named Mali GPU Shader Development Studio and Mali GPU User Interface Engine.

Display controllers such as the ARM HDLCD display controller are available separately.[40]

Variants

edit

The Mali core grew out of the cores previously produced by Falanx and currently constitute:[41]

Model Micro-
archi-
tecture
Type Launch date EUs/Shader core count Shading Units Total Shaders Fab (nm) Die size (mm2) Core clock rate (MHz) L2 cache size Fillrate GFLOPS
(per core)
GFLOPS
(total)
API (version)
M△/s GT/s (GP/s) Vulkan OpenGL ES OpenCL
Mali-55/110 ? Fixed function pipeline[42] 2005 1 ? ? ? 2.8 0.1 ? 1.1
Mali-200 Utgard[43] Programmable pipeline[42] 2007[44] 1 ? ? ? 5 ? 0.2 2.0
Mali-300 2010[45] 1 40
28
? 500 8 KiB 55 0.5 5
Mali-400 MP 2008 1–4 ? 200–600 8–256 KiB 55 0.5 1.2–5.4
Mali-450 MP 2012 1–8 ? 300–750 8–512 KiB 142 2.6 4.5–11.9
Mali-470 MP 2015 1–4 ? 250–650 8–256 KiB 71 0.65 8–20.8
Mali-T604[46] Midgard 1st gen Unified shader model +

SIMD ISA

Nov 2010[47] 1–4 32
28
? 533 32–256 KiB 90 0.533 17 3.1 Full Profile 1.1
Mali-T658[46] Nov 2011[48] 1–8 ? ? ? ? ?
Mali-T622 Midgard 2nd gen Jun 2013[49] 1–2 32
28
? 533 ? ? 8.5
Mali-T624 2012-08 1–4 ? 533–600 ? ? 17–19.2
Mali-T628 1–8 ? 533–695 ? ? 17–23.7
Mali-T678[50] 1–8 28 ? ? ? ?
Mali-T720 Midgard 3rd gen 2013-10 1–8 ? 400–700 650 (MP8@
650 MHz)
5.2 (MP8
@650 MHz)
6.8–11.9
Mali-T760 1–16 28
14
1.75 mm2 per shader core at 14 nm[51] 600–772 256–2048 KiB[52] 1300 0.6–12.6 GTexel/s (bilinear)[53] 10.4 17–26.2 1.0[54] 3.2[55] Full Profile 1.2
Mali-T820 Midgard 4th gen Q4 2015 1–4 28 ? 600 32–256 KiB[52] 400 ? 2.6 10.2
Mali-T830 ? 600–950 400 ? 2.6 20.4–32.3
Mali-T860 1–16 ? 350–700 256–2048 KiB[52] 1300 ? 10.4 11.9–23.8
Mali-T880 Q2 2016 1–16 16 ? 650–1000 1700 ? 13.6 22.1–34
Mali-G31 Bifrost 1st gen Unified shader model + Unified memory +

scalar, clause-based ISA

Q1 2018 1–6[56] 4 or 8 per core 4–48 28
12
? 650 32kB–512kB ? 1.3 8–16 @ 1000 MHz 48–576 @ 1000 MHz 1.3[57] Full Profile 2.0
Mali-G51[58] Q4 2016 1–6[59] 8 or 12 per core 8–72 28
16
14
12
10
? 1000 ? 3.9 16–24 @ 1000 MHz 16–144 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G71[60] Q2 2016 1–32 12 per core 12–384 16
14
10
? 546–1037 128–2048 KiB 1850 0.7–24.7

GTexel/s

(bilinear)[61]

27.2 24 @ 1000 MHz 24–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G52 Bifrost 2nd gen Q1 2018 1–6 16 or 24 per core 16–144 16
12
8
7
? 850 32-512 KiB ? 6.8 32–48 @ 1000 MHz 32–288 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G72 Q2 2017 1–32 12 per core 12–384 16
12
10
1.36 mm2 per shader core at 10 nm[62] 572–1050 128–2048 KiB 27.2 24 @ 1000 MHz 24–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G76 Bifrost 3rd gen Q2 2018 4–20 24 per core 96–480 12
8
7
? 600–800 512–4096 KiB ? ? 48 @ 1000 MHz 192–960 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G57 Valhall 1st gen Superscalar engine + Unified memory +

simplified scalar ISA

Q2 2019 1–6 32 per core 32–192 12
7
6
? 950[63] 64–512 KiB ? ? ? 64 @ 1000 MHz 64–384 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G77 7–16 224–512 7
6
? 695–850 512–2048 KiB ? ? ? 448–1024 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G68 Valhall 2nd gen Q2 2020 1–6 32–192 6
5
3
64–384 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G78 7–24 224–768 5 759-848 448–1536 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G310 Valhall 3rd gen Q2 2021 1 16 or 32 or 64 16–64 6
5
4
256–1024 KiB 32–128 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G510 2–6 48 or 64 per core 96–384 96–128 @ 1000 MHz 192–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G610 1–6 64 per core 64–384 512–2048 KiB 128 @ 1000 MHz 128–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G710 7–16 448–1024 650,850
900
2648 92 896–2048 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G615 Valhall 4th gen Q2 2022 1–6 128 per core 128–768 4 256 @ 1000 MHz 256–1536 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G715 7–9 896–1152 1792–2304 @ 1000 MHz
Immortalis-G715 10–16 1280–2048 2560–4096 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G620 5th Gen[64] Deferred Vertex Shading (DVS) Q2 2023 1–5 128–640 256–1024 KiB 332.8 @ 1300 MHz 332.8–1664 @ 1300 MHz Full Profile 3.0
Mali-G720 6–9 768–1152 512–2048 KiB 1996.8–2995.2 @ 1300 MHz
Immortalis-G720 Q4 2023 10–16 1280–2048 3328–5324.8 @ 1300 
MHz
Mali-G625 Q2 2024 1–5 128–640 4
3
256–1024 KiB 332.8–1664 @ 1300 MHz
Mali-G725 6–9 768–1152 512–4096 KiB 1996.8–2995.2 @ 1300 MHz
Immortalis-G925 10–24 1280–3072 3328–7987.2 @ 1300 
MHz
Model Micro-
archi-
tecture
Type Launch date EUs/Shader core count Shading Units Total Shaders Fab

(nm)

Die size (mm2) Core clock rate (MHz) Max L2 cache size Fillrate (Max core count) FP32 GFLOPS
(per core)
GFLOPS
(total)
Vulkan Open
GL/ES
Open
CL

Some microarchitectures (or just some chips?) support cache coherency for the L2 cache with the CPU.[65][66]

Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression (ASTC) is supported by Mali-T620, T720/T760, T820/T830/T860/T880[43] and Mali-G series.

Implementations

edit

The Mali GPU variants can be found in the following systems on chips (SoCs):

Mali video processors

edit

Mali Video is the name given to ARM Holdings' dedicated video decoding and video encoding ASIC. There are multiple versions implementing a number of video codecs, such as HEVC, VP9, H.264 and VP8. As with all ARM products, the Mali video processor is a semiconductor intellectual property core licensed to third parties for inclusion in their chips. Real time encode-decode capability is central to videotelephony. An interface to ARM's TrustZone technology is also built-in to enable digital rights management of copyrighted material.

Mali-V500

edit

The first version of a Mali Video processor was the V500, released in 2013 with the Mali-T622 GPU.[119] The V500 is a multicore design, sporting 1–8 cores, with support for H.264 and a protected video path using ARM TrustZone. The 8 core version is sufficient for 4K video decode at 120 frames per second (fps). The V500 can encode VP8 and H.264, and decode H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8.

Mali-V550

edit

Released with the Mali-T800 GPU, ARM V550 video processors added both encode and decode HEVC support, 10-bit color depth, and technologies to further reduced power consumption.[120] The V550 also included technology improvements to better handle latency and save bandwidth.[121] Again built around the idea of a scalable number of cores (1–8) the V550 could support between 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 cores). The V550 supported HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG encode, and HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8, JPEG decode.

Mali-V61

edit

The Mali V61 video processor (formerly named Egil) was released with the Mali Bifrost GPU in 2016.[122][123] V61 has been designed to improve video encoding, in particular HEVC and VP9, and to allow for encoding either a single or multiple streams simultaneously.[124] The design continues the 1–8 variable core number design, with a single core supporting 1080p60 while 8 cores can drive 4Kp120. It can decode and encode VP9 10-bit, VP9 8-bit, HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG and decode only MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, H.263.[125]

Mali-V52

edit

The Mali V52 video processor was released with the Mali G52 and G31 GPUs in March 2018.[126] The processor is intended to support 4K (including HDR) video on mainstream devices.[127]

The platform is scalable from 1 to 4 cores and doubles the decode performance relative to V61. It also adds High 10 H.264 encode (Level 5.0) and decode (Level 5.1) capabilities, as well as AVS Part 2 (Jizhun) and Part 16 (AVS+, Guangdian) decode capability for YUV420.[128]

Mali-V76

edit

The Mali V76 video processor was released with the Mali G76 GPU and Cortex-A76 CPU in 2018.[129] The V76 was designed to improve video encoding and decoding performance. The design continues the 2–8 variable core number design, with 8 cores capable of 8Kp60 decoding and 8Kp30 encoding. It claims improves HEVC encode quality by 25% relative to Mali-V61 at launch. The AV1 codec is not supported.

Mali-V77

edit

The Mali V77 video processor was released with the Mali G77 GPU and Cortex-A77 CPU in 2019.

Comparison

edit

Mali display processors

edit

Mali-D71

edit

The Mali-D71 added Arm Framebuffer Compression (AFBC) 1.2 encoder, support for ARM CoreLink MMU-600 and Assertive Display 5. Assertive Display 5 has support for HDR10 and hybrid log–gamma (HLG).

Mali-D77

edit

The Mali-D77 added features including asynchronous timewarp (ATW), lens distortion correction (LDC), and chromatic aberration correction (CAC)[broken anchor]. The Mali-D77 is also capable of 3K (2880x1440) @ 120 Hz and 4K @ 90 Hz.[134]

Mali camera

edit

Mali-C71

edit

On April 25, 2017 the Mali-C71 was announced, ARM's first image signal processor (ISP).[146][147][148]

Mali-C52 and Mali-C32

edit

On January 3, 2019 the Mali-C52 and C32 were announced, aimed at everyday devices including drones, smart home assistants and security, and internet protocol (IP) camera.[149]

Mali-C71AE

edit

On September 29, 2020 the Mali-C71AE image signal processor was introduced, alongside the Cortex-A78AE CPU and Mali-G78AE GPU.[150] It supports up to 4 real-time cameras or up to 16 virtual cameras with a maximum resolution of 4096 x 4096 each.[151]

Mali-C55

edit

On June 8, 2022 the Mali-C55 ISP was introduced as successor to the C52.[152][153] It is the smallest and most configurable image signal processor from Arm, and support up to 8 camera with a max resolution of 48 megapixel each. Arm claims improved tone mapping and spatial noise reduction compared to the C52. Multiple C55 ISPs can be combined to support higher than 48 megapixel resolutions.

Comparison

edit

The Lima, Panfrost and Panthor FOSS drivers

edit

On January 21, 2012, Phoronix reported that Luc Verhaegen was driving a reverse-engineering attempt aimed at the Mali series of GPUs, specifically the Mali 200 and Mali 400 versions. The project was known as Lima and targeted support for OpenGL ES 2.0.[155] The reverse-engineering project was presented at FOSDEM, February 4, 2012,[156][157] followed by the opening of a website[158] demonstrating some renders. On February 2, 2013, Verhaegen demonstrated Quake III Arena in timedemo mode, running on top of the Lima driver.[159] In May 2018, a Lima developer posted the driver for inclusion in the Linux kernel.[160] In May 2019, the Lima driver became part of the mainline Linux kernel.[161] The Mesa userspace counterpart was merged at the same time. It currently supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0 and parts of Desktop OpenGL 2.1, and the fallback emulation in MESA provides full support for graphical desktop environments.[162]

Panfrost is a reverse-engineered driver effort for Mali Txxx (Midgard) and Gxx (Bifrost) GPUs. Introducing Panfrost[163] talk was presented at X.Org Developer's Conference 2018. As of May 2019, the Panfrost driver is part of the mainline Linux kernel.[164] and MESA. Panfrost supports OpenGL ES 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1, as well as OpenGL 3.1.[165]

Later Collabora has developed[166] panthor driver for G310, G510, G710 GPUs.

See also

edit
  • Adreno – GPU developed by Qualcomm (formerly AMD, then Freescale)
  • Atom family of SoCs – with Intel graphics core, not licensed to third parties
  • AMD mobile APUs – with AMD graphics core, licensed to Samsung[167]
  • PowerVR – by Imagination Technologies
  • Tegra – family of SoCs by Nvidia with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties
  • VideoCore – family of SoCs by Broadcom with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties
  • Vivante – available as SIP block to third parties
  • Imageon – old AMD mobile GPU

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e Smith, Ryan (July 3, 2014). "ARM's Mali Midgard Architecture Explored". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  2. ^ "News". Arm.
  3. ^ Freddi Jeffries (2016-06-17). "Happy 10th Birthday Mali!". community.arm.com. Arm Limited. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
  4. ^ a b "Gaming Performance Unleashed with Arm's new GPUs - Announcements - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com. 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  5. ^ "New Programmable Mali200 IP Core From Falanx Microsystems Delivers PC-level Graphics Quality for Mobile Devices".
  6. ^ "ARM intros new Mali-T604 GPU, touts 5x more performance". TechSpot. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  7. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal. "ARM's Mali-T658 GPU in 2013, Up to 10x Faster than Mali-400". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  8. ^ "ARM Mali-T604 Overview". community.arm.com. 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  9. ^ "ARM Mali-T604: New GPU & Architecture For Highest Performance & Flexibility". community.arm.com. 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  10. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal. "ARM Announces 8-core 2nd Gen Mali-T600 GPUs". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  11. ^ "Killing Pixels - A New Optimization for Shading on ARM Mali GPUs". community.arm.com. 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  12. ^ "Introducing the ARM Mali-T700 GPU series: Innovated to (efficiently) power the next generation of devices". community.arm.com. 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  13. ^ "Mali GPU: An Abstract Machine - Frame Pipelining". community.arm.com. 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  14. ^ "Mali GPU: An Abstract Machine: Tile-based Rendering". community.arm.com. 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  15. ^ "Mali GPU: An abstract machine - the midgard shader core". community.arm.com. 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  16. ^ "Mali-T880 is set to Deliver the Premium Mobile Experience of 2016". community.arm.com. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  17. ^ "Mali-G71: ARM's Most Powerful, Scalable, Efficient GPU". community.arm.com. 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  18. ^ Smith, Ryan. "ARM Unveils Next Generation Bifrost GPU Architecture & Mali-G71: The New High-End Mali". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  19. ^ "Mali-G72 new high performance GPU from Arm". community.arm.com. 2017-05-29. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  20. ^ Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-G72: Bifrost Refined for the High-End SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  21. ^ "Mali-G76: Taking High-End Graphics To The Next Level". community.arm.com. 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  22. ^ Smith, Ryan; Frumusanu, Andrei (May 31, 2018). "Arm Announces Mali-G76 GPU: Scaling up Bifrost". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  23. ^ "Introducing Arm Mali-G77 GPU with Valhall architecture". community.arm.com. 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  24. ^ "Mali-G77". developer.arm.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  25. ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm's New Mali-G77 & Valhall GPU Architecture: A Major Leap". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  26. ^ "True Immersive Entertainment through Arm Mali-G78 GPU". community.arm.com. 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  27. ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces The Mali-G78 GPU: Evolution to 24 Cores". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  28. ^ "Mali-G78". developer.arm.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  29. ^ "New Arm Mali GPUs for all consumer compute markets". community.arm.com. 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  30. ^ "Mali-G710 developer overview". community.arm.com. 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  31. ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces New Mali-G710, G610, G510 & G310 Mobile GPU Families". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  32. ^ "Arm Immortalis-G715 Developer Overview". community.arm.com. 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  33. ^ "Documentation – Arm Developer". developer.arm.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  34. ^ "Arm Immortalis-G715 deep dive: Ray tracing graphics for mobile". Android Authority. 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  35. ^ "Arm GPUs built on new 5th Gen GPU architecture - Announcements - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com. 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  36. ^ "5th Gen Arm GPU Architecture". developer.arm.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  37. ^ "TCS23: The complete platform for consumer computing - Announcements - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com. 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  38. ^ "Immortalis-G720". developer.arm.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  39. ^ "Initial support for ARM Mali Display Controller". Linux kernel mailing list. 2016-04-01.
  40. ^ "DRM: Add support for the ARM HDLCD display controller [LWN.net]".
  41. ^ "Documentation – Arm Developer". developer.arm.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  42. ^ a b https://static.docs.arm.com/dui0363/d/DUI0363D_opengl_es_app_dev_guide.pdf [dead link]
  43. ^ a b "Graphics and Multimedia". Arm. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  44. ^ Smith, Ryan (July 3, 2014). "A Brief History of Mali - ARM's Mali Midgard Architecture Explored". AnandTech. Archived from the original on Oct 28, 2022.
  45. ^ "ARM Mali GPU Makes Advanced Graphics a Reality for All Consumers". ARM. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13.
  46. ^ a b Tsai, Alan (2012). "OpenGL and OpenGL ES" (PDF). Khronos Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on Apr 27, 2023.
  47. ^ "ARM Heralds New Era In Embedded Graphics With Next-Generation Mali GPU". Archived from the original on 2016-08-11.
  48. ^ "Mali-T658 GPU Extends Graphics And GPU Compute Leadership For High Performance Devices". Archived from the original on 2016-08-11.
  49. ^ "ARM Targets 580 Million Mid-Range Mobile Devices with New Suite of IP". Archived from the original on 2016-08-12.
  50. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal. "ARM Announces 8-core 2nd Gen Mali-T600 GPUs". AnandTech. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  51. ^ "The Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive – Inside A Modern 14nm SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  52. ^ a b c depending on number of shader core groups
  53. ^ "Mali GPU: An abstract machine part 3 – The midgard shader core". Arm Community. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  54. ^ "Vulkan – Mali Developer Center". ARM. Archived from the original on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
  55. ^ Supported as of June 2016 with r12p0 userspace driver
  56. ^ "Mali-G31 GPU". ARM Developer. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  57. ^ "The Khronos Group". The Khronos Group. 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  58. ^ Lynch, Doug (31 October 2016). "ARM announces their second Bifrost GPU – the Mali-G51". XDA Developers. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  59. ^ "Mali-G51". developer.arm.com.
  60. ^ "Mali-G71". Arm Developer. Archived from the original on Nov 29, 2023.
  61. ^ "The Mali GPU: An Abstract Machine, Part 4 – The Bifrost Shader Core". Arm Community. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  62. ^ "The Exynos 9810 – Introducing Meerkat". AnandTech. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  63. ^ "MediaTek Dimensity 700". MediaTek. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  64. ^ "5th Gen Arm GPU Architecture".
  65. ^ "Resources and Information" (PDF). ww16.heterogeneouscompute.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  66. ^ http://www.chipdesignmag.com/pallab/2011/06/30/arm-mali-gpu-unifying-graphics-across-platforms/ Archived 2017-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Heterogeneous Computing
  67. ^ "A10". Allwinner Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  68. ^ "A10s". Allwinner Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  69. ^ "A13". Allwinner Technology. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  70. ^ "A64". Linux-sunxi community. November 27, 2019. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  71. ^ "AllWinner Publishes A31 and A20 Processors Details". CNXSoft. December 9, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  72. ^ a b c d "Hardware". 2012-02-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  73. ^ Aufranc (CNXSoft), Jean-Luc (2020-12-28). "Amlogic S905X3 vs S905X4 - Features Comparisons - CNX Software". CNX Software - Embedded Systems News. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  74. ^ "Upgraded 4K Chromecast with Google TV set to launch soon with improved hardware". TechSpot. 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  75. ^ Pandey, Rajesh (2023-09-19). "Next-gen Android TV boxes could pack all the right upgrades". Android Police. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  76. ^ "Baikal-M". Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
  77. ^ "LC1810". Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  78. ^ "LC1811". Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2015-01-26. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  79. ^ "LC1813". Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  80. ^ "LC1913". Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  81. ^ "MediaTek MT5596 Digital TV". 2019-08-27.
  82. ^ "Mediatek MT8127". Archived from the original on November 15, 2014.
  83. ^ "MediaTek MT6753 datasheet | Processor Specs | PhoneDB".
  84. ^ Hinum, Klaus. "ARM Mali-T760 MP2". Notebookcheck.
  85. ^ "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  86. ^ "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  87. ^ "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  88. ^ "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  89. ^ "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
  90. ^ "NetLogic Au1300". Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  91. ^ "RMI Au1300 Press release".
  92. ^ cnxsoft (2017-06-07). "Realtek RTD1296 STB/Media NAS SoC Coming Soon with Multiple Ethernet Ports, Dual SATA, HDMI 2.0 Input and Output". CNXSoft – Embedded Systems News. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  93. ^ "Filla Sapphire 7 Product Specification". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  94. ^ "News". Arm. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  95. ^ http://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/28nm-quad-core-era-rk3188-144500035.html [permanent dead link]
  96. ^ "Rockchip-瑞芯微电子股份有限公司". www.rock-chips.com. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  97. ^ "Rockchip-瑞芯微电子股份有限公司". www.rock-chips.com. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  98. ^ Aufranc, Jean-Luc (2019-04-24). "RK3588 8K Arm Cortex-A76/A55 SoC, Rockchip Roadmap to 2020". CNXSoft – Embedded Systems News. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
  99. ^ "Rockchip-瑞芯微电子股份有限公司".
  100. ^ (in English) ARM Powered Smartphone Sets New Graphics Benchmark Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine on ARM blog
  101. ^ "Samsung Confirms Mali is in the Exynos 5250 Processor – ARM Community". Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  102. ^ Smith, Ryan. "Samsung Announces Exynos 8895 SoC: 10nm, Mali G71MP20, & LPDDR4x". Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  103. ^ Humrick, Matt. "Samsung Galaxy S8 Showdown: Exynos 8895 vs. Snapdragon 835, Performance & Battery Life Tested". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  104. ^ "Exynos 7 Series 9610 Processor: Specs, Features | Samsung Exynos". Samsung Semiconductor. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  105. ^ "Samsung Honored for Outstanding Design and Engineering with 36 CES 2018 Innovation Awards". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  106. ^ "Hardkernel ODROID-E7 development board". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012.
  107. ^ "Sigma Designs announces HEVC capable SMP8750 family". Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
  108. ^ "Socle Leopard-6 SoC". www.socle-tech.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  109. ^ Spreadtrum SC8819 Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ^ ST-Ericsson NovaThor product page Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
  111. ^ STMicro SPEAr1340 Archived 2012-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
  112. ^ STMicro STi7108 Press release
  113. ^ STMicro STiH416 Press release
  114. ^ 2010, ARM Limited: TCC8900 development board Archived 2011-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
  115. ^ "WonderMedia Prizm WM8950 Press release". Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  116. ^ "Hardware.Info Nederland". nl.hardware.info (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  117. ^ "Surge S1 – Xiaomi". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  118. ^ "Surge S2 – Xiaomi". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  119. ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (2 June 2013). "ARM MaliT622 V500 Video Block Complement Cortex A12". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  120. ^ Smith, Ryan (27 October 2014). "ARM Announces Mali V550 Video Processor and Mali P550 Display Processor". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  121. ^ Sims, Gary (27 October 2014). "Mali-T860 GPU headlines new range of integrated media designs from ARM". Android Authority. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  122. ^ Smith, Ryan (16 June 2016). "ARM Announces Mali Egil Video Processor". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  123. ^ Smith, Ryan (31 October 2016). "ARM Announces Mali-G51 Mainstream GPU, Mali-V-61 Video Processing Block". Anandtech. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  124. ^ Walrath, Josh (16 June 2016). "ARM Introduces Egil Video Processor: 4K 120 Hz the Top!". TechReport.com. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  125. ^ "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-V61 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-10-14. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
  126. ^ Wiggers, Kyle (6 March 2018). "ARM Introduces the Mali-G52/G31 GPUs and the Mali-D51 Display and Mali-V52 Video Processors". Xda Developers. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  127. ^ Tyson, Mark (7 March 2018). "Arm launches Mali-G52 and Mali-G31 mainstream GPUs". Hexus. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  128. ^ "Arm Introduces Mali-G52 & Mali-G31 GPUs, Mali-D51 Display Processor, and Mali-V52 Video Processor for Mainstream Devices". 6 March 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  129. ^ a b Smith, Ryan (31 May 2018). "ARM Announces Mail-V76 Video Processor". Anandtech. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  130. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal. "ARM Mali-T622 & V500 Video Block Complement Cortex A12". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  131. ^ Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-V550 Video Processor & Mali-DP550 Display Processor". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  132. ^ Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-G51 Mainstream GPU, Mali-V-61 Video Processing Block". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  133. ^ "Mali-G52". developer.arm.com.
  134. ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces Mali D77 Display Processor: Facilitating AR & VR". AnandTech. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  135. ^ "Is the future as good as it used to be?". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  136. ^ "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali Display Processors – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  137. ^ "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-DP550 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  138. ^ "ARM enables power efficient, enhanced visual experiences on 2.5K and 4K mobile devices with the Mali-DP650 Display Processor". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  139. ^ "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-DP650 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  140. ^ "Mali-D71 and the Next Generation Display Solution". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  141. ^ Oh, Nate. "Arm Announces New Mali-D71 Display Processor and IP Blocks". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  142. ^ "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-D71 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  143. ^ "Introducing the Arm Mali-D77 Display Processor for VR – Graphics and Gaming blog – Graphics and Gaming". Arm Community. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
  144. ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces Mali D77 Display Processor: Facilitating AR & VR". Anandtech. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
  145. ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces New Ethos-N57 and N37 NPUs, Mali-G57 Valhall GPU and Mali-D37 DPU". Anandtech. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  146. ^ Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-C71: Their First Automotive-Grade Image Signal Processor". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  147. ^ "Mali-C71 driving image processing for automotive". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  148. ^ "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali Camera – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  149. ^ "A sharper digital eye for intelligent devices". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  150. ^ "New Arm technologies enable safety-capable computing solutions for an autonomous future". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  151. ^ "Arm Mali-C71AE: High performance ISP with advanced safety". Arm Community. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  152. ^ a b "Arm introduces new image signal processor to advance vision systems for IoT and embedded markets". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  153. ^ "Arm Mali-C55: Image processing with smallest silicon area and highest performance - Internet of Things (IoT) blog". Arm Community. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  154. ^ "New Arm technologies enable safety-capable computing solutions for an autonomous future". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  155. ^ "Announcing The Lima Open-Source GPU Driver". www.phoronix.com. January 27, 2012. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  156. ^ "An Open-Source, Reverse-Engineered Mali GPU Driver". www.phoronix.com. January 27, 2012. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  157. ^ "Liberating ARM's Mali GPU". FOSDEM. January 21, 2012. Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  158. ^ "limadriver". 2012-02-07. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  159. ^ "Quake 3 Arena timedemo on top of the lima driver!" Archived 2013-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  160. ^ "Lima DRM driver". lwn.net. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  161. ^ "Linux 5.2 DRM Makes Icelake Production-Ready, Adds Lima & Panfrost Drivers". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  162. ^ "Lima". The Mesa 3D Graphics Library. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  163. ^ Rosenzweig, Alyssa; Abbott, Connor; Paul, Lyude; BiOpen. "Panfrost: A reverse engineered FOSS driver for Mali Midgard and Bifrost GPUs" (PDF).
  164. ^ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  165. ^ "Panfrost". The Mesa 3D Graphics Library. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  166. ^ "Release the panthor!".
  167. ^ "AMD and Samsung Announce Strategic Partnership in Ultra Low Power, High Performance Graphics Technologies" (Press release). Seoul, South Korea & Santa Clara, California, USA. 2019-06-03.
edit