Mandated choice or mandatory choice is an approach to public policy questions in which people are required by law to state in advance whether or not they are willing to engage in a particular action. The approach contrasts with "opt-in" and "opt-out" ("presumed consent") models of policy formation.[1] The approach has most frequently been applied to cadaveric organ donation,[2] but has increasingly been considered for advance directives as well.[3] One bioethicist, in advocating for a mandatory choice model for living wills, argues that "while all Americans should have a right to decide how they want their lives to end, it does not follow that they should be able to avoid confronting such a choice."[3]
History
editOne of the first considerations of mandated choice appeared in Great Britain's Gore Report, a 1989-1990 study funded by the British Department of Health. From 2011 all those applying for or renewing driving licences online in the UK are required to state whether they wished to donate their organs.[4]
The American Medical Association endorsed a mandated choice model for organ donation in 1994.[5]
Practicalities
editIt has been suggested that individuals could be compelled to choose as part of tax returns, driver's licence applications, and/or state benefits claims.[6]
Public attitudes
editA 1992 survey found that 90% of American college students favored a mandated choice model for organ donation, compared with only 60% who favored presumed consent.[7] However, Texas implemented such a program, requiring drivers to make a choice on organ donation when obtaining licenses, and found that 80% of drivers declined to donate.[8]
Academic debate
editChouhan and Draper propose a modified scheme of mandated choice, in which though all patients are given a choice whether to donate they are actively encouraged to do so.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Remedying donor organ complications
- ^ Herz, Susan. Two Steps to Three Choices: A New Approach to Mandated Choice, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics (1999), 8 : 340-347 Cambridge University Press
- ^ a b Appel, Jacob M. The Ultimate Prescription: Make Us Decide How We Want To Die, July 30, 2009.
- ^ Organ donated 'nudge' for drivers in new DVLA process, BBC, July 31, 2011 accessed July 31, 2011.
- ^ Taking organs without asking, Chicago Tribune, July 18, 2005.
- ^ Chouhan P and H Draper. Modified Mandated Choice for Organ Procurement J Med Ethics. 2003;29(3):157-162, at p. 158.
- ^ Spital, Aaron. Mandated Choice: The Preferred Solution to the Organ Shortage? Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(12):2421-2424.
- ^ Kolata, Gina. Families Are Barriers to Many Organ Donations, Study Finds. The New York Times, July 7, 1995
- ^ Chouhan P and H Draper. Modified Mandated Choice for Organ Procurement J Med Ethics. 2003;29(3):157-162, at p. 161.