Wikipedia

Maprotiline

Maprotiline, sold under the brand name Ludiomil among others, is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) that is used in the treatment of depression.[5] It may alternatively be classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), specifically a secondary amine.[5] In terms of its chemistry and pharmacology, maprotiline is closely related to such-other secondary-amine TCAs as nortriptyline and protriptyline and has similar effects to them,[6][5] albeit with more distinct anxiolytic effects.[7][8][9] Additionally, whereas protriptyline tends to be somewhat more stimulating and in any case is distinctly more-or-less non-sedating,[10] mild degrees of sedation may be experienced with maprotiline.[11]

Maprotiline
Clinical data
Trade namesLudiomil, others
Other namesMaprotiline hydrochloride; Maprotiline methanesulfonate; Ba 34276[1][2][3]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682158
Routes of
administration		Oral, intramuscular, intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability66–70%
Protein binding88%
Metabolismhepatic
Onset of action6 hours
Elimination half-life27–58 hours
ExcretionUrine (57%) and bile (30%) as glucuronides, 3–4% as unchanged drug
Identifiers
  • N-Methyl-9,10-ethanoanthracene-9(10H)-propanamine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.030.532 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H23N
Molar mass277.411 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CNCCC[C@]12CC[C@H](c3ccccc31)c1ccccc12
  • InChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21-14-6-12-20-13-11-15(16-7-2-4-9-18(16)20)17-8-3-5-10-19(17)20/h2-5,7-10,15,21H,6,11-14H2,1H3/t15-,20+ ☒N
  • Key:QSLMDECMDJKHMQ-GSXCWMCISA-N ☒N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Medical uses

edit

Maprotiline is used in the treatment of depression, such as depression associated with agitation or anxiety and has similar efficacy to the antidepressant drug moclobemide.[12] This finding has also been validated by a group of general practitioners who compared the respective efficacy and tolerability of maprotiline and moclobemide.[13]

The use of maprotiline in the treatment of enuresis in pediatric patients has so far not been systematically explored and its use is not recommended.[15] Safety and effectiveness in the pediatric population in general have not been established. Anyone considering the use of maprotiline in a child or adolescent must balance the potential risks with the clinical need.

A very small body of research has also explored the potential of maprotiline in treating diabetic kidney disease[16] and it has been measured against amitriptyline in this regard.[17]

Maprotiline and fluoxetine have also been found, among certain lines of research, to have quite potent anti-profilerative effects against certain forms of cancer of the Burkitt lymphoma type.[18][19] One study also bore ought a certain level of evidence regarding maprotiline’s ability to suppress both cholesterol biosynthesis and hepatocellular carcinoma liver-cancer progression.

Maprotiline was also measured against imipramine, fluoxetine and ketamine in an experiment-model involving two different kinds of chicken differently-conditioned against stress, including (black) Australorps in the proposed treatment of treatment-resistant depression in humans.[20]

In general, lower dosages are recommended for patients over 60 years of age. Dosages of 50 mg to 75 mg daily are usually satisfactory as maintenance therapy for elderly patients who do not tolerate higher amounts.[21][22] In any case, 225 m.g./d. is the absolute-maximum highest recommended dose for this drug, as any more can predispose more significantly to seizures. 150 m.g. is the average optimal daily dose for otherwise-healthy patients who can tolerate a full dose.

Available forms

edit
  • Coated tablets: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg
  • Injectable concentrate, 25 mg

Contraindications

edit

In generalised theory, maprotiline (as with other tricyclic antidepressants, besides trimipramine[23][24][25] and possibly clomipramine) may somewhat worsen certain features of schizophrenia, necessitating caution in prescribing them to someone with it and continuation of the antipsychotic treatment (e.g., with risperidone or olanzapine). However, certain bodies of evidence have found maprotiline a useful augment in treating some of the negative, or "anaesthetic", symptoms of schizophrenia and in probable extension pronounced schizoidia (including the characteristic deterioration in personal grooming/appearance).[26][27] It has also been weighed against fluvoxamine in this overall regard (i.e., treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia),[28] with fluvoxamine evidencing clear superiority therein. Maprotiline, however, may be specifically useful for the "negative symptom" of alogia (poverty of thought and/or speech) and in this regard was found demonstrably superior to the other control-drugs (alprazolam, bromocriptine, citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, nortriptyline) in one study.[29] Citalopram, clomipramine and fluvoxamine appeared particularly useful in the study for reducing affective blunting, with alprazolam (Xanax) and maprotiline ranking joint-next.

Patients with bipolar affective disorder should not receive antidepressants whilst in a manic phase (including hypomania) under any circumstances whatsoever. (By the same analogy, people with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type should not be taking maprotiline or other antidepressants while manic.) This is because antidepressants are known to come with the risk of worsening acute mania or precipitating it in so vulnerably-predisposed people.[30][31]

They (antidepressants) may also negatively interfere with the treatment of mixed bipolar states (pure or schizo-affective), where electro-convulsive therapy[32][33] (generally bilateral), valproate[34] and antipsychotics prove more beneficial (lithium should not be administered concurrently with E.C.T. treatment, as it may induce severe confusion[35]).[36] However, maprotiline (at a high dose) was put to good use in one particular case, of one young man presenting with what was very-possibly a mixed-manic episode with a heavy preponderance of depressive symptoms (appearing as depression with significant narcissistic traits; including extrapunitive tendencies/blame-shifting, entitlement and interpersonal exploitation; and provisionally considered narcissistic depression).[37] The maprotiline was combined with mirtazapine (low-dose), sodium valproate and aripiprazole.

Absolute

edit

Special caution needed

edit

Suicidal patients

edit

As with other antidepressants, maprotiline increased the risk compared to placebo of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents and young adults in short-term studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of maprotiline or any other antidepressant in a child, adolescent, or young adult must balance this risk with the clinical need. Short-term studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidality with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults beyond age 24; there was a reduction in risk with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults aged 65 and older. Depression and certain other psychiatric disorders are themselves associated with increases in the risk of suicide. Patients of all ages who are started on antidepressant therapy should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior. Families and caregivers should be advised of the need for close observation and communication with the prescriber. Maprotiline is not approved for use in pediatric patients.[39]

Pregnancy and lactation

edit

Reproduction studies have been performed in female laboratory rabbits, mice, and rats at doses up to 1.3, 7, and 9 times the maximum daily human dose respectively and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to maprotiline. There are, however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Maprotiline is excreted in breast milk. At steady-state, the concentrations in milk correspond closely to the concentrations in whole blood. Caution should be exercised when maprotiline hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.

Side effects

edit

The side-effect profile is comparable to other TCAs and TeCAS and many of the following are due to anticholinergic (which are less prominent than those of most TCAs) and antihistamine effects.[15] Most often seen are:

Maprotiline causes a strong initial sedation (first 2 to 3 weeks of therapy) and is therefore indicated to treat agitated patients or those with suicidal risks. It causes anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy, etc.) with much lower incidence than amitriptyline. Originally, the manufacturer claimed that maprotiline is better tolerated than other TCAs and TeCAs. However, seizures, leukopenia and skin reactions occur more often with maprotiline than with comparable drugs (e.g., amitriptyline, protriptyline, mirtazapine). Indeed, seizures are greater risk for concern with maprotiline than with all other tricyclic antidepressants[40] (rising from 75 mg, becoming significant at daily doses ≥ 200 m.g.), including clomipramine. It should thus be prescribed with particular, if not extreme, caution to people with a history of epilepsy/seizures of any other kind. In any case, the total daily dose should be kept to ≤ 225 milligrams.

Maprotiline has no known potential for abuse and psychological dependence.

Withdrawal

edit

Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with maprotiline is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of maprotiline gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once for medical reasons, the use of a benzodiazepine (e.g., lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam) for a maximum of 4 weeks as needed will usually suppress withdrawal symptoms.

Interactions

edit

Maprotiline does have a wide range of possible interactions. Some are typical for TCAs and TeCAs, others are caused by specific metabolic effects (e.g., high plasma-protein-binding) of maprotiline:

Increased drug actions:

  • Other antidepressants, barbiturates, narcotics, sedating antihistamines, anticonvulsive drugs, alcohol – resulting in increased central depression and necessitating some caution when using any of these drugs alongside maprotiline
  • Drugs with potential anti-muscarinic/anti-cholinergic activity (antiparkinsonian agents, atropine, amantadine, clozapine and tricyclic antidepressants besides maprotiline) – resulting in increased anti-muscarinic effects (dry mouth, constipation, etc.)
  • Sympathomimetics (also those used in local anesthetics like noradrenaline) – sympathomimetic effects increased (increased blood-pressure, pulse-rate, paleness of skin, etc.)
  • Nitrates and antihypertensives (e.g., beta-blockers) – increased antihypertensive action with pronounced fall in blood pressure

Although concurrent administration of tricyclic antidepressants (likewise with SSRIs) and MAOIs has been considered particularly dangerous, even fatal, across various medical and pharmaceutical lines across the decades, the premise for this line of thinking, although commonly accepted, may be erroneous. Specialist-research into this[41] and practical clinical experience involving the co-administration of tricyclics and MAOIs have suggested that it is only tricyclics with strong specific serotonin-reuptake inhibitory action (clomipramine and, to a lesser extent, imipramine) that are dangerous to give in combination with MAOIs. Other antidepressants; which may or may not have a significant serotoninergic background otherwise but either way lack in particularly appreciable reuptake-inhibition therein specifically (e.g., mirtazapine, amitriptyline, trazodone, lofepramine, nortriptyline); may be safe to take alongside MAOIs, where the likes of venlafaxine, SSRIs and clomipramine are not. With maprotiline, this has been demonstrated to be the case with moclobemide,[42] a drug it is often compared and considered somewhat analogous (along certain lines) to, and, tentatively, brofaromine[43] (a research-agent MAOI which was never brought to full marketing development). Moclobemide specifically, however, may increase maprptiline plasma-levels[44] and may necessitate dose-modification(s).

In any case, however, it is very-strongly advised that an MAOI is added to the (compatible) tricyclic and not the other way around, as adding a tricyclic to an existing treatment-regime involving an MAOI may significantly increase the risk of going into hypertensive crisis.

Decreased drug actions:

Other types of interaction:

  • Drugs which induce certain enzymes in the liver, e.g., barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine and oral anti-conceptive drugs, enhance the elimination of maprotiline and decrease its antidepressant effects. Additionally the blood-concentrations of phenytoin or carbamazepine may be increased, leading to a higher incidents of side effects.
  • The concomitant use of maprotiline and neuroleptics can lead to increased maprotiline blood-levels and to seizures. Combining maprotiline and thioridazine could induce severe arrhythmias.
  • Additionally, increased blood-levels of maprotiline are possible, if certain beta-blocking agents (e.g., propranolol) are given concomitantly.
  • Maprotiline may amplify the actions of coumarin-type anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, phenprocoumon). The plasma-prothrombin-activity must be assessed closely in order to avoid overt bleedings.
  • Maprotiline can increase the actions of oral antidiabetic drugs (sulfonylureas) and insulin. Diabetic patients should have regular assessments of their blood-glucose-levels.
  • The concomitant application with fluoxetine or fluvoxamine may lead to significantly increased plasma-levels of maprotiline, with a correspondingly (and substantially) incidence of maprotiline side effects. Owing to the long half-lives of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, this effect may persist for quite-some time.

Pharmacology

edit

Pharmacodynamics

edit
Maprotiline[45]
Site Ki (nM) Species Ref
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 5,800 Human [46]
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 11–12 Human [46][47]
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter 1,000 Human [46]
5-HT2A 51 Rat [48]
5-HT2C 122 Rat [48]
5-HT6 ND ND ND
5-HT7 50 Guinea pig [49]
α1 90 Human [50]
α2 9,400 Human [50]
D1 402 Human [51]
D2 350–665 Human [51][50]
D3 504 Human [51]
D4 ND ND ND
D5 429 Human [51]
H1 0.79–2.0 Human [52][51][53][50]
H2 776 Human [52]
H3 66,100 Human [51]
H4 85,100 Human [52]
mAChTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 570 Human [54][50]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.
See also: Pharmacology of antidepressants and Tricyclic antidepressant § Binding profiles

Maprotiline exhibits strong effects as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with only weak actions the reuptake of serotonin and dopamine.[55][15] It is also a strong antagonist of the H1 receptor, a moderate antagonist of the 5-HT2 and α1-adrenergic receptors, and a weak antagonist of the D2 and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Maprotiline has also more recently been identified as a potent antagonist of the 5-HT7 receptor, with this action potentially playing an important role in its antidepressant effectiveness.[56] The drug is a strong antihistamine, but unlike most TCAs, has minimal anticholinergic effects.[57]

The pharmacological profile of maprotiline explains its antidepressant, sedative, anxiolytic, and sympathomimetic activities. In accordance to the pharmacological characteristics it is used in the treatment of depression, such as depression associated with agitation or anxiety. Additionally, it shows strong antagonism against reserpine-induced effects in animal studies, as do the other 'classical' antidepressants. Although maprotiline behaves in most regards as a 'first-generation antidepressant' it is commonly referred to as 'second-generation antidepressant'.

The postulated mechanism of maprotiline is that it acts primarily by potentiation of central adrenergic synapses by blocking reuptake of norepinephrine at nerve endings. This pharmacological action is thought to be primarily responsible for the drug's antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. It is a strong norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with only weak effects on serotonin and dopamine reuptake. At higher doses, however, maprotiline increases serotonergic transmission and increases the level of serotonin available.[58]

Pharmacokinetics

edit

After oral use absorption is good. It binds to plasma proteins 80–90%. Maximal plasma concentration is reached 6 hours after use. The mean time to peak is 12 hours. The terminal half-life of averages 51 hours.

Chemistry

edit
 
An alternative structural representation of the central ring of maprotiline.
 
A 3D representation of the structure of maprotiline. Notice the bridge in the central ring.

Maprotiline is a tetracyclic compound and is grouped with the TeCAs.[6][5] Its chemical name is N-methyl-9,10-ethanoanthracen-9(10H)-propylamine.[59] The drug has a dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene) ring system; that is, a tricyclic anthracene ring system with an ethylene bridge across the central ring.[6][5] This results in it having a unique three-dimensional central ring (a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane or 1,4-endoethylenecyclohexane ring) and being a tetracyclic rather than a tricyclic compound.[6] However, it could also or alternatively be considered to be a tricyclic and hence a TCA.[5] In addition to its heterocyclic ring system, maprotiline has an alkylamine side chain attached similarly to other TCAs (but notably unlike other TeCAs).[6][5] In terms of the side chain, it is a secondary amine,[5] and its chemical structure, aside from the ethylene link in the central ring, is similar to that of secondary amine TCAs like nortriptyline and protriptyline.[6][59] In accordance, the pharmacology of maprotiline is very similar to that of secondary amine TCAs.[6][5]

Maprotiline is very similar in structure to the anxiolytic, sedative, and muscle relaxant drug benzoctamine (Tacitin).[6][60] The only structural difference between the two compounds is in the length of their side chain.[6][60] However, this modification results in considerable differences in their pharmacological and therapeutic effects.[6][60]

History

edit

Maprotiline was developed by Ciba (now operated by Novartis).[61] It was patented in 1966 and was first described in the literature in 1969.[61] The drug was introduced for medical use in 1974.[61][62] Generics are now widely available. It was introduced after most of the other TCAs but was the first TeCA to be developed and marketed, with the TeCAs mianserin and amoxapine following shortly thereafter and mirtazapine being introduced later on.[61][62]

Society and culture

edit
 
Ludiomil (maprotiline) 25 mg tablets by Ciba-Geigy.

Generic names

edit

Maprotiline is the English and French generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française, while maprotiline hydrochloride is its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, BANMTooltip British Approved Name and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.[1][2][63][3] Its generic name in Spanish and Italian and its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana are maprotilina, in German is maprotilin, and in Latin is maprotilinum.[2][3] The methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt is known unofficially as maprotiline methanesulfonate.[2][3]

Brand names

edit

Maprotiline is marketed throughout the world, mainly under the brand name Ludiomil.[2][3] It is also available under a variety of other brand names including Deprilept, Maprolu, and Psymion among others.[2][3]

Although it remains available across the world, it was discontinued in the United Kingdom in July 2006. Mylan, a key manufacturer of maprotiline in the United States, discontinued production in June 2021.[64]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 752–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 630–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Maprotiline - Drugs.com". drugs.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  4. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Williams DA (24 January 2012). "Antidepressants". In Lemke TL, Williams DA (eds.). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 591–. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Zhou Y (22 October 2013). "New Generation of Antidepressants: Maprotiline". Drugs in Psychiatric Practice. Elsevier. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-1-4831-9193-5.
  7. ^ Guimarães FS, Zuardi AW, Graeff FG (January 1987). "Effect of chlorimipramine and maprotiline on experimental anxiety in humans". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 1 (3): 184–192. doi:10.1177/026988118700100305. PMID 22158980. S2CID 8444656.
  8. ^ Vinader-Caerols C, Martos AJ, Monleón S, Arenas MC, Parra A (2006). "Acute effects of maprotiline on learning, anxiety, activity and analgesia in male and female mice". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. 66 (1): 23–31. doi:10.55782/ane-2006-1584. PMID 16617674.
  9. ^ Pecknold JC, Familamiri P, McClure DJ, Elie R, Chang H (May 1985). "Trimipramine and maprotiline: antidepressant, anxiolytic, and cardiotoxic comparison". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 46 (5): 166–171. PMID 2859273.
  10. ^ Brownell LG, Perez-Padilla R, West P, Kryger MH (1983). "The role of protriptyline in obstructive sleep apnea". Bulletin Européen de Physiopathologie Respiratoire. 19 (6): 621–4. PMID 6360257.
  11. ^ Holmberg G (May 1988). "Sedative effects of maprotiline and amitriptyline". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 77 (5): 584–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05171.x. PMID 3044007. S2CID 41977086.
  12. ^ Delini-Stula A, Mikkelsen H, Angst J (October 1995). "Therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants in agitated anxious depression--a meta-analysis of moclobemide studies". Journal of Affective Disorders. 35 (1–2): 21–30. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00034-K. PMID 8557884.
  13. ^ Gachoud JP, Dick P, Köhler M (1994). "Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide and maprotiline in depressed patients treated by general practitioners". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 17 (Suppl 1): S29–37. doi:10.1097/00002826-199417001-00005. PMID 7954482. S2CID 260560762.
  14. ^ Vrethem M, Boivie J, Arnqvist H, Holmgren H, Lindström T, Thorell LH (December 1997). "A comparison a amitriptyline and maprotiline in the treatment of painful polyneuropathy in diabetics and nondiabetics". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 13 (4): 313–23. doi:10.1097/00002508-199712000-00009. PMID 9430812.
  15. ^ a b c "DRUGDEX Evaluations - Maprotiline". Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  16. ^ Zhou, Z. and Liu, S., 2022. Maprotiline Ameliorates High Glucose-Induced Dysfunction in Renal Glomerular Endothelial Cells. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 130(09), pp.596-603.
  17. ^ Singh R, Kishore L, Kaur N (February 2014). "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: current perspective and future directions". Pharmacological Research. 80: 21–35. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.005. PMID 24373831. S2CID 6097534.
  18. ^ Cloonan SM, Drozgowska A, Fayne D, Williams DC (March 2010). "The antidepressants maprotiline and fluoxetine have potent selective antiproliferative effects against Burkitt lymphoma independently of the norepinephrine and serotonin transporters". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 51 (3): 523–39. doi:10.3109/10428190903552112. PMID 20141432. S2CID 33104465.
  19. ^ Cloonan SM, Williams DC (April 2011). "The antidepressants maprotiline and fluoxetine induce Type II autophagic cell death in drug-resistant Burkitt's lymphoma". International Journal of Cancer. 128 (7): 1712–23. doi:10.1002/ijc.25477. PMID 20503272. S2CID 24955263.
  20. ^ Sufka KJ, White SW (November 2013). "Identification of a treatment-resistant, ketamine-sensitive genetic line in the chick anxiety-depression model". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 113: 63–7. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.013. PMID 24157688. S2CID 23648185.
  21. ^ "Maprotiline: MedlinePlus Drug Information". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  22. ^ "Maprotiline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  23. ^ Berger M, Gastpar M (1996). "Trimipramine: a challenge to current concepts on antidepressives". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 246 (5): 235–9. doi:10.1007/BF02190274. PMID 8863001. S2CID 29596291.
  24. ^ Eikmeier G, Muszynski K, Berger M, Gastpar M (September 1990). "High-dose trimipramine in acute schizophrenia. Preliminary results of an open trial". Pharmacopsychiatry. 23 (5): 212–4. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014510. PMID 1979173. S2CID 5719177.
  25. ^ Eikmeier G, Berger M, Lodemann E, Muszynski K, Kaumeier S, Gastpar M (1991). "Trimipramine--an atypical neuroleptic?". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 6 (3): 147–53. doi:10.1097/00004850-199100630-00003. PMID 1806621. S2CID 41564511.
  26. ^ Yamagami S, Soejima K (1989). "Effect of maprotiline combined with conventional neuroleptics against negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia". Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research. 15 (4): 171–6. PMID 2570687.
  27. ^ Waehrens J, Gerlach J (May 1980). "Antidepressant drugs in anergic schizophrenia. A double-blind cross-over study with maprotiline and placebo". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 61 (5): 438–44. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00882.x. PMID 6105762. S2CID 40809634.
  28. ^ Silver H, Shmugliakov N (June 1998). "Augmentation with fluvoxamine but not maprotiline improves negative symptoms in treated schizophrenia: evidence for a specific serotonergic effect from a double-blind study". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18 (3): 208–11. doi:10.1097/00004714-199806000-00005. PMID 9617979.
  29. ^ Shafti SS, Rey A, Abad A (2005). "Drug – Specific Responsiveness of Negative Symptoms". International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. pp. 10 (1), 43–51. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  30. ^ Benazzi F, Mazzoli M, Rossi E (July 1992). "Severe mania after maprotiline-induced coma". Pharmacopsychiatry. 25 (4): 207. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014407. PMID 1528960. S2CID 260253520.
  31. ^ Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (November 1987). "Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (11): 1403–11. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.11.1403. PMID 3314536.
  32. ^ Perugi G, Medda P, Toni C, Mariani MG, Socci C, Mauri M (April 2017). "The Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Bipolar Disorder: Effectiveness in 522 Patients with Bipolar Depression, Mixed-state, Mania and Catatonic Features". Current Neuropharmacology. 15 (3): 359–371. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666161017233642. PMC 5405614. PMID 28503107.
  33. ^ Kuzman MR, Medved V, Velagic V, Goluza E, Bradas Z (June 2012). "The use of electroconvulsive therapy to treat schizoaffective disorder in a patient with pacemaker: a case report". Psychiatria Danubina. 24 (2): 211–4. PMID 22706421.
  34. ^ Azorin JM, Belzeaux R, Cermolacce M, Kaladjian A, Corréard N, Dassa D, Dubois M, Maurel M, Micoulaud Franchi JA, Pringuey D, Fakra E (December 2013). "[Recommendations for the treatment of mixed episodes in current guidelines]". L'Encephale (in French). 39 (Suppl 3): S185–7. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(13)70120-9. PMID 24359859.
  35. ^ Patel RS, Bachu A, Youssef NA (2020). "Combination of lithium and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with higher odds of delirium and cognitive problems in a large national sample across the United States". Brain Stimulation. 13 (1): 15–19. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.012. PMID 31492631. S2CID 201125145.
  36. ^ Krüger S, Trevor Young L, Bräunig P (June 2005). "Pharmacotherapy of bipolar mixed states". Bipolar Disorders. 7 (3): 205–15. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00197.x. PMID 15898959.
  37. ^ Saito S, Kobayashi T, Kato S (2013). "[A case of major depressive disorder barely distinguishable from narcissistic personality disorder]". Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica (in Japanese). 115 (4): 363–71. PMID 23789317.
  38. ^ Simeon J, Maguire J, Lawrence S (1981). Maprotiline effects in children with enuresis and behavioural disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology 5 ( 5–6), 495–8
  39. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. Last Reviewed 1 Sept. 2010 Medline Plus entry for Maprotiline
  40. ^ Knudsen K, Heath A (February 1984). "Effects of self poisoning with maprotiline". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 288 (6417): 601–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6417.601. PMC 1444313. PMID 6421394.
  41. ^ Gillman K (October 2017). ""Much ado about nothing": monoamine oxidase inhibitors, drug interactions, and dietary tyramine". CNS Spectrums. 22 (5): 385–387. doi:10.1017/S1092852916000651. PMID 28148312. S2CID 206312818.
  42. ^ Laux G, Beckmann H, Classen W, Becker T (1989). "Moclobemide and maprotiline in the treatment of inpatients with major depressive disorder". Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum. 28: 45–52. PMID 2677241.
  43. ^ Hoencamp E, Haffmans PM, Dijken WA, Hoogduin CA, Nolen WA, van Dyck R (March 1994). "Brofaromine versus lithium addition to maprotiline. A double-blind study in maprotiline refractory depressed outpatients". Journal of Affective Disorders. 30 (3): 219–27. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)90082-5. PMID 8006248.
  44. ^ König F, Wolfersdorf M, Löble M, Wössner S, Hauger B (July 1997). "Trimipramine and maprotiline plasma levels during combined treatment with moclobemide in therapy-resistant depression". Pharmacopsychiatry. 30 (4): 125–7. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979497. PMID 9271778. S2CID 35570626.
  45. ^ Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  46. ^ a b c Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 340 (2–3): 249–258. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
  47. ^ Heffernan GD, Coghlan RD, Manas ES, McDevitt RE, Li Y, Mahaney PE, et al. (November 2009). "Dual acting norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists: Identification, synthesis and activity of novel 4-aminoethyl-3-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indoles". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (22): 7802–7815. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.023. PMID 19836247.
  48. ^ a b Pälvimäki EP, Roth BL, Majasuo H, Laakso A, Kuoppamäki M, Syvälahti E, Hietala J (August 1996). "Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the serotonin 5-HT2c receptor". Psychopharmacology. 126 (3): 234–240. doi:10.1007/bf02246453. PMID 8876023. S2CID 24889381.
  49. ^ Lucchelli A, Santagostino-Barbone MG, D'Agostino G, Masoero E, Tonini M (September 2000). "The interaction of antidepressant drugs with enteric 5-HT7 receptors". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 362 (3): 284–289. doi:10.1007/s002100000295. PMID 10997731. S2CID 24189673.
  50. ^ a b c d e Richelson E, Nelson A (July 1984). "Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 230 (1): 94–102. PMID 6086881.
  51. ^ a b c d e f von Coburg Y, Kottke T, Weizel L, Ligneau X, Stark H (January 2009). "Potential utility of histamine H3 receptor antagonist pharmacophore in antipsychotics". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (2): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.012. PMID 19091563.
  52. ^ a b c Appl H, Holzammer T, Dove S, Haen E, Strasser A, Seifert R (February 2012). "Interactions of recombinant human histamine H₁R, H₂R, H₃R, and H₄R receptors with 34 antidepressants and antipsychotics". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 385 (2): 145–170. doi:10.1007/s00210-011-0704-0. PMID 22033803. S2CID 14274150.
  53. ^ Kanba S, Richelson E (June 1984). "Histamine H1 receptors in human brain labelled with [3H]doxepin". Brain Research. 304 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90856-4. PMID 6146381. S2CID 45303586.
  54. ^ El-Fakahany E, Richelson E (January 1983). "Antagonism by antidepressants of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of human brain". British Journal of Pharmacology. 78 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb17361.x. PMC 2044798. PMID 6297650.
  55. ^ Peng WH, Lo KL, Lee YH, Hung TH, Lin YC (August 2007). "Berberine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test and in the tail suspension test in mice". Life Sciences. 81 (11): 933–938. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.003. PMID 17804020.
  56. ^ Matthys A, Haegeman G, Van Craenenbroeck K, Vanhoenacker P (June 2011). "Role of the 5-HT7 receptor in the central nervous system: from current status to future perspectives". Molecular Neurobiology. 43 (3): 228–253. doi:10.1007/s12035-011-8175-3. PMID 21424680. S2CID 25515856.
  57. ^ Nelson JC (2009). "Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Drugs". In Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 277–. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615371624.as09. ISBN 978-1-58562-309-9.
  58. ^ Miyake K, Fukuchi H, Kitaura T, Kimura M, Kimura Y, Nakahara T (December 1991). "Pharmacokinetics of maprotiline and its demethylated metabolite in serum and specific brain regions of rats after acute and chronic administration of maprotiline". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 80 (12): 1114–8. doi:10.1002/jps.2600801205. PMID 1815068.
  59. ^ a b Vardanyan R, Hruby V (10 March 2006). "Antidepressants". Synthesis of Essential Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-08-046212-7.
  60. ^ a b c Dawson AH (13 May 1980). "Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds". In Lednicer D, Mitscher LA (eds.). The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 220–. ISBN 978-0-471-04392-8.
  61. ^ a b c d Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K (July 2009). "Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters". Chemical Communications (25): 3677–3692. doi:10.1039/b903035m. PMID 19557250.
  62. ^ a b Dart RC (2004). "Chapter 134: Cyclic Antidepressant Drugs". Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 836–. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.
  63. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM (31 October 1999). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-7514-0499-9.
  64. ^ Jensen L. "Drug Shortage Detail: Maprotiline Tablets". www.ashp.org. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maprotiline&oldid=1229089151"