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March 1960

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The following events occurred in March 1960:

March 5, 1960: Iconic photo of Che Guevara taken by Albert Korda
March 24, 1960: Tu-124, first turbojet, debuts
March 25, 1960: Euromast dedicated in Rotterdam
March 25, 1960: Cromwell's head reburied after 300 years

March 1, 1960 (Tuesday)

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March 2, 1960 (Wednesday)

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March 3, 1960 (Thursday)

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March 4, 1960 (Friday)

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  • Opera singer Leonard Warren died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage while performing before a live audience at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Warren, who was only 48, was singing the role of Don Carlo in a presentation of Giuseppe Verdi's La Forza del Destino and had just finished the last line of the aria "Urna fatale del mio destino" ("Fatal pages ruling my destiny"), then fell to his knees.[8]
  • The explosion of the French cargo ship La Coubre in Havana Harbor in Cuba killed 76 people, all but six of whom were bystanders. At 3:10 p.m., the ship, carrying 70 tons of munitions from Belgium, was being unloaded when the blast happened.[9][10]
  • Born: John Mugabi, Ugandan boxer, and WBC World Junior Middleweight champion from 1989 to 1990; in Kampala

March 5, 1960 (Saturday)

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  • The iconic image of Che Guevara (seen above) was taken by photographer Alberto Korda, who was on assignment from the Cuban government newspaper Revolucion to cover a protest rally the day after the explosion of the freighter La Coubre. The photo attained worldwide popularity in 1968 after Korda gave a copy to Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.[11]
  • Staff Sergeant Elvis Presley was honorably discharged from active service in the United States Army, nearly two years after being drafted into the service on March 24, 1958.[12] After departing from Fort Dix in New Jersey, Presley remained in the U.S. Army reserve for four additional years until completing his military obligations.[13]
  • The Gao-Guenie meteorite, weighing more than one ton, landed near the village of Gao in the African nation of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). The sound of the impact was heard 100 kilometres (62 mi) away.[14]

March 6, 1960 (Sunday)

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  • The Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act took effect. Prior to the amendment, there was no requirement for government approval of additives to food sold in the United States.[15]
  • President Sukarno of Indonesia dissolved that nation's elected parliament. The legislature would be replaced later that month by a body appointed by Sukarno himself.[16]
  • President Eisenhower announced that 3,500 American troops would be posted to South Vietnam.[17]

March 7, 1960 (Monday)

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Mercury astronauts on the C-131B
 
Kryuchkovsky, Poplavsky, and Ziganshin shortly after being rescued
  • Four Russian soldiers who had been adrift in the Pacific Ocean since January 17 were rescued after a 49-day drift in the ocean. The American aircraft carrier USS Kearsarge picked up the four — Sgt. Askhat 'Victor' Ziganshin and his men, Filipp Poplavsky, Anatoly Kryuchkovsky, and Ivan Fedotov — who had survived seven weeks.[19][20]
  • The 14,000-member Screen Actors Guild called a strike for the first time in its history, bringing to a halt the filming of eight major motion pictures and several minor ones.[21]
  • The first 20 Soviet cosmonauts were selected in preparation for crewed spaceflight.[22]
  • Born:

March 8, 1960 (Tuesday)

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  • The New Hampshire primary, first of the nominating primary elections, saw U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy win the state's Democratic Party delegates, and U.S. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon win on the Republican ticket, each with a record number of registered voters from their parties. Other major candidates had declined to participate in New Hampshire. Kennedy defeated Chicago businessman Paul Fisher, 42,969 to 6,784 and Nixon's 65,077 votes were matched by write-ins for four candidates, including 8,428 for New Hampshire governor Wesley Powell.[23]

March 9, 1960 (Wednesday)

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  • The Scribner shunt, a flexible Teflon tube that could be permanently implanted to connect an artery to a vein, was first implanted into a human patient. For the first time, persons with kidney failure could receive dialysis on a regular basis. Prior to the shunt's invention by Dr. Belding H. Scribner, glass tubes had to be inserted into blood vessels every time that dialysis was given. As one observer noted, "Scribner took something that was 100% fatal and overnight turned it into a condition with a 90% survival." The historic operation took place at the University of Washington hospital, and 39-year-old machinist Clyde Shields was the first beneficiary. At the same time, a new issue in bioethics was created, since decisions had to be made about which patients would be selected to receive the lifesaving treatment.[24]
  • The journal Physical Review Letters received the paper "Apparent Weight of Photons" from physicists Robert V. Pound and Glen A. Rebka, Jr., reporting the first successful laboratory measurement of the gravitational redshift of light, described later as a key event in proving the theory of general relativity.[25]
  • Position titles for Project Mercury operational flights were issued. During the flights, 15 major positions were assigned to Mercury Control Center, 15 in the blockhouse and 2 at the launch pad area. The document also specified the duties and responsibilities of each position.[18]
  • Died:
    • U.S. Senator Richard L. Neuberger, 47, a Democrat representing Oregon, died of a cerebral hemorrhage one day after having a stroke at his home.[26] On the day of his fatal stroke, a newspaper columnist had noted that he apparently had no challenger for the upcoming general election and "may get a virtually free pass for another six-year term."[27] His widow, Maurine Neuberger, had only two days to file as a candidate in the Democratic primary, and would be elected as U.S. Senator in 1960, serving until 1967.[28]
    • Jack Beattie, 75, Northern Ireland Labour Party leader, 1929–1933 and 1942–2943

March 10, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • The first mitral valve replacement was performed on a 16-year-old girl, who had implanted in her a prosthesis, made of polyurethane and Dacron, and designed by Drs. Nina Braunwald and Andrew Morrow. The girl survived the operation, but died 60 hours later. The next day, a 44-year-old woman received the valve and made a full recovery eight weeks later.[29]
  • The first implantation of the caged ball heart valve, developed by Drs. Dwight E. Harken and William C. Birtwell, was made on Mary Richardson, who survived for 30 years after the surgery.[30]
  • Eight people were pulled alive from the rubble of Agadir, ten days after the deadly earthquake that had killed 12,000 people in Morocco.[31]

March 11, 1960 (Friday)

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March 12, 1960 (Saturday)

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  • At the age of 21, Prince Constantine Bereng Seeiso of Basutoland (later Lesotho) formally became the Paramount Chief, and, upon the African nation's independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho. He reigned until his death in an auto accident in 1996.[33]

March 13, 1960 (Sunday)

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March 14, 1960 (Monday)

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  • USAF Col. William Burke, aide to Richard M. Bissell Jr., who oversaw the CIA's U-2 spy plane program, warned Bissell that the Soviets had developed the missile capability to shoot down the high-altitude (70,000-foot (21,000 m)) U-2. Nevertheless, the spy flights continued, and on May 1, 1960, a U-2 would be downed in Soviet territory.[38]
  • West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer met with Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, the first time a German leader had conferred with a leader of the Jewish state. Two weeks earlier, the two countries had secretly negotiated German financial and military aid to Israel.[39]
  • Born: Kirby Puckett, Minnesota Twins outfielder and Hall of Famer; in Chicago (d. 2006)

March 15, 1960 (Tuesday)

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  • Government forces in Masan, South Korea, arrested students protesting against rigged elections. Although President Syngman Rhee's re-election to a fourth term had been ensured when his opponent died of an illness, separate elections for vice-president would determine the 85-year-old Rhee's successor. With the aid of government measures, including the stuffing of ballot boxes, Rhee's running mate, Lee Ki Poong, officially received 79.2% of the votes in what was expected to be a close race against opponent Chang Myun. Over the next weeks, students in other cities followed the example of Masan, and Rhee was forced to resign.[40]
  • Police in Orangeburg, South Carolina arrested 389 African-American protesters who had converged upon the town's lunch counters at the noon hour.[41][42] Meanwhile, in Atlanta, 77 students were arrested after beginning sit-ins at government offices.[43]
  • West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer met at the White House with U.S. President Eisenhower to discuss the Berlin crisis.[44]
  • In Geneva, the first session of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament was held.[45]

March 16, 1960 (Wednesday)

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March 17, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • Northwest Airlines Flight 710 crashed, killing all 63 people on board. The wings fell off the Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop airplane at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) while the flight was en route from Chicago to Miami, and crashed into a soybean field near Cannelton, Indiana at 4:20 p.m., leaving a 12-foot-deep (3.7 m) crater.[54][55]
  • Following a 2:30 meeting at the White House with Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell of the CIA, U.S. President Eisenhower authorized the agency to train and equip Cuban exiles to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro, an operation which would become, in 1961, the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[56][57]
  • Sculptor Jean Tinguely introduced the first piece of "autodestructive art" at New York's Museum of Modern Art. Homage to New York, composed of bicycle wheels and motors, was activated at 6:30 p.m. and destroyed itself within an hour.[58]
  • Gina Lollobrigida declared to the press that she and her husband Milko Skofic would leave Italy for Canada. They meant to solve the legal situation of their son Andrea Milko, considered stateless by the Italian bureaucracy.[59]
  • Born: Pietro Scalia, Italian-born American film editor and Academy Award winner known for JFK and Black Hawk Down; in Catania

March 18, 1960 (Friday)

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The Snark

March 19, 1960 (Saturday)

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March 20, 1960 (Sunday)

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Governor Collins
  • LeRoy Collins, the Governor of Florida, surprised the state and the rest of the world in a televised speech. Though he had been a defender of Florida's segregation laws, Governor Collins endorsed the goal of sit-in demonstrations to allow African-Americans to eat at lunch counters. "People have told me that our racial strife could be eliminated if the colored people would just stay in their place," said the Governor, "but friends, we can never stop Americans from struggling to be free."[70]
  • The Soviet Union's Council of Ministers adopted Resolution 241, directing urgent government funding for the oil exploration in western Siberia.[71]
  • Born: Norm Magnusson, American artist, founder of "funism"

March 21, 1960 (Monday)

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  • The Sharpeville Massacre began at 1:20 p.m. when white police at the South African township of Sharpeville fired their guns into a crowd of unarmed black protesters, killing 69 people and wounding 180. Subsequent investigations would determine that two policemen had fired their guns, and that 50 others then began shooting into the crowd as they fled. Within 40 seconds, 705 rounds were fired. Of 155 bullets extracted from the dead and wounded, only 30 were frontal entry wounds. Most of the victims had been shot in the back as they ran. Of the dead, 31 were women, and 19 were children.[72] Since the end of white minority rule, South Africa observes Human Rights Day annually on March 21.
  • In Buenos Aires, Ricardo Klement brought a bouquet of flowers to his wife at their home at 16 Garibaldi Street, confirming to Mossad agents that the Argentine businessman was, as they suspected, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. The Israeli intelligence service was aware that Eichmann had married on March 21, 1935, while Eichmann was unaware that he had been found after 15 years on the run. The architect of Germany's "Final Solution" genocide, Eichmann eluded capture after the end of World War II. In May, he would be abducted and brought to Israel to stand trial.[73]
  • Born: Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver, three time Formula One champion; in São Paulo (died at the San Marino Grand Prix, 1994)
  • Died: Polly Thomson, 75, American therapist who served as the interpreter for Helen Keller after the death of Anne Sullivan in 1936.

March 22, 1960 (Tuesday)

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March 23, 1960 (Wednesday)

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  • Abel Bonnard, who had served as the Minister of Education in the Vichy government of France during the Nazi German occupation in World War II, returned from exile in Spain to his home nation, hoping for rehabilitation of his reputation and forgiveness of his 1945 death sentence in absentia. The death sentence was commuted to the symbolic punishment of "ten years of exile already served" but Bonnard's expulsion from the Academie Francaise was not changed.[75]
  • Marty Dalton, who had been an inmate of the Rhode Island State Prison in Cranston, Rhode Island for almost 63 years since his 1897 arrest for the murder of a New York businessman, died at the prison infirmary. Dalton had refused parole in 1930 after serving 33 years. After a two-hour tour of the outside world, he asked to stay because the prison was his only home.[76][77]
  • In Paris, Soviet Premier and Communist Party General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev began a ten-day state visit to France and was welcomed at the Orly airport by French president Charles de Gaulle welcomes him. The welcome by the Parisians to the guest is mainly cordial, but with some anticommunist protest.[78]
  • The city of La Mirada, California, was incorporated as "Mirada Hills".
  • Born: Nicol Stephen, Leader of Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2005 to 2008; in Aberdeen
  • Died:

March 24, 1960 (Thursday)

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March 25, 1960 (Friday)

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March 26, 1960 (Saturday)

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  • In Brazil, the Oros Dam on the Jaguaribe River in the state of Ceará, nearing completion, collapsed because of torrential rains and inundated the city of Jaguaribe and the village of Mapua, both of which had been evacuated earlier.[84] The Brazilian Army had evacuated 100,000 people from the river valley starting on March 22.[85] While thousands of people were left homeless, the death toll from the damburst was 32 people.[86]
  • At the 12-hour endurance event at Sebring, Florida, race car driver Jim Hughes lost control of his car 23 minutes after the start, and his car rolled over onto George Thompson, a photographer for the Tampa Tribune. Both men were killed. Olivier Gendebien, who had alternated with Hans Hermann, won the race.[87]
  • The Minneapolis Lakers played their last NBA game, losing in Game 7 of the Western Conference playoffs, 97–86, to the St. Louis Hawks. The Lakers would move to Los Angeles during the off-season.[88]
  • Various Ku Klux Klan groups burned crosses along highways in Alabama and South Carolina, apparently in retaliation for sit-ins by African-Americans at lunch counters.[89][90]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Dr. Emil Grubbe, 85, the first person to be injured by radiation. After following Roentgen's work in x-rays in 1895, Grubbe underwent 93 operations for radiation-induced cancer on his hands and face.
    • Ian Keith, 61, American film actor

March 27, 1960 (Sunday)

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March 28, 1960 (Monday)

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March 29, 1960 (Tuesday)

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March 30, 1960 (Wednesday)

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  • A state of emergency was proclaimed in South Africa by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd at 3:00 a.m., nine days after the Sharpeville Massacre, and the government began arresting dissidents.[97] On the same day, thirty thousand black South Africans marched through Cape Town in protest of the internal passport law required for non-white South Africans, as well as the massacre, and the arrest of black leaders.[98]
  • In the United States, 5,000 black Americans marched through Baton Rouge, the state capital of Louisiana, in protest against discrimination at lunch counters and arrests of protesters by the police.[99]
  • Died: Jamil Mardam Bey, 65, Prime Minister of Syria from 1936 to 1939 and from 1946 to 1958

March 31, 1960 (Thursday)

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References

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  1. ^ Dick, Steven J.; Strick, James E. (2005). The Living Universe: NASA and the Development of Astrobiology. Rutgers University Press. p. 29.
  2. ^ "Ike Periled by Tear Gas Used to Stop Student Riot". Oakland Tribune. March 2, 1960. p. 1.
  3. ^ website
  4. ^ "Pope Names 7 to College of Cardinals", Oakland Tribune, March 3, 1960, p1
  5. ^ "Lucy Weeps On Set; She'll Divorce Desi", Oakland Tribune, March 4, 1960, p1
  6. ^ "Curtain Falls On Luci-Desi", San Francisco Examiner, April 1, 1960, pII-13
  7. ^ Gerald Nachman, Raised on radio: in quest of the Lone Ranger (University of California Press, 2000), p422
  8. ^ "STAR DIES ON OPERA STAGE— Warren Falls as He Sings of 'Destiny'", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 5, 1960, p.1
  9. ^ Alejandro de Quesada, The Bay of Pigs: Cuba, 1961 (Osprey Publishing, 2009), p8
  10. ^ "Havana Ship Disaster Blamed on U.S. 'Plot'", Oakland Tribune, March 5, 1960, p1
  11. ^ Chanan, Michael (2004). Cuban Cinema. University of Minnesota Press. p. 248.
  12. ^ Robertson, John (2004). Elvis Presley: The Complete Guide To His Music. Omnibus. p. 33.
  13. ^ Hartzog, William W. (1971). American Military Heritage. Government Printing Office. p. 201.
  14. ^ Bourot-Denise, Michèle; et al. (1998). "The Guenie and Gao chondrites from Burkina Faso: Probably a single shower of stones". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 33. Meteoritical Society: A181. Bibcode:1998M&PSA..33..181B. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1998.tb01330.x. S2CID 128914186. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  15. ^ Arti Bhatia, Encyclopaedia of Health and Nutrition (Anmol, 1999), p298
  16. ^ Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia (University of Washington Press, 1995) p301
  17. ^ Sharon Monteith, American Culture in the 1960s (Edinburgh University Press, 2008), p16
  18. ^ a b c d e f g   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Navy Saves Four Russians From Pacific". Oakland Tribune. March 8, 1960. p. 1.
  20. ^ "Russ Sailor Tells Of 49-Day Ordeal". Oakland Tribune. March 16, 1960. p. 1.
  21. ^ Sharp, Kathleen (2003). Mr. & Mrs. Hollywood: Edie and Lew Wasserman and Their Entertainment Empire. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 82.
  22. ^ Darling, David (2003). The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity. Wiley. p. 442.
  23. ^ "Kennedy's Stock Soars With Record N.H. Vote", Tucson Daily Citizen, March 9, 1960, p1
  24. ^ Longmore, Murray; Wilkinson, Ian B.; Rajagopalan, Supraj (2006). Mini Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 289.
  25. ^ Will, Clifford M. (1993) [First published 1986]. Was Einstein Right?: Putting General Relativity to the Test. New York: Basic Books. p. 5. ISBN 0-465-09086-9.
  26. ^ "Senator Neuberger Dies After Stroke; Lawmaker Unwell For Many Months", Associated Press report in Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, March 9, 1960, p.1
  27. ^ "Sen. Neuberger Seems Assured Of Six More Years", by Doris Fleeson, The Daily Republic (Mitchell SD), March 8, 1960, p.4
  28. ^ O'Dea, Suzanne (1999). "Neuberger, Maurine Brown". From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 498.
  29. ^ Stephen Westaby and Cecil Bosher, Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery (Informa Health Care, 1997), p153
  30. ^ Richard J. Bing, Cardiology: The Evolution of the Science and the Art (Taylor & Francis, 1992), p243
  31. ^ "8 More Found Alive In Ruins of Quake", Oakland Tribune, March 10, 1960, p1
  32. ^ "U.S. Fires Rocket to Sun Orbit; Radio Signals on Schedule". Oakland Tribune. March 11, 1960. p. 1.
  33. ^ "Moshoeshoe II", Historical Dictionary of Lesotho (Scarecrow Press, 2004), p286
  34. ^ Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (1989). The CIA and American Democracy. Yale University Press. p. 116.
  35. ^ Comentale, Edward P.; Watt, Stephen; Willman, Skip (2005). Ian Fleming & James Bond: The Cultural Politics of 007. Indiana University Press. pp. 178–179.
  36. ^ Link, F. (2012). Eclipse Phenomena in Astronomy. Springer. p. 119.
  37. ^ Taylor, Philip. "Adam Clayton biography". Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
  38. ^ Fensch, Thomas (2001). The C.I.A. and the U-2 Program, 1954–1974. New Century Books. pp. 173–174.
  39. ^ Wolffsohn, Michael (1993). Eternal Guilt?: Forty Years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations. Columbia University Press. p. 23.
  40. ^ Kleiner, Jürgen (2001). Korea: A Century of Change. World Scientific. pp. 125–126.
  41. ^ "400 Negroes Arrested in Rights March". Oakland Tribune. March 15, 1960. p. 1.
  42. ^ Bass, Jack; Poole, W. Scott (2009). The Palmetto State: The Making of Modern South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press. p. 98.
  43. ^ Davis, Townsend (1999). Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. W.W. Norton. p. 157.
  44. ^ Barolini, Antonio (March 16, 1960). "Lungo colloquio di Adenauer alla Casa Bianca su Berlino" [Long discussion with Adenauer at the White House on Berlin.]. La Stampa.
  45. ^ "Si aprono oggi i negoziati a Ginevra per il disarmo" [Disarmament negotiations open today in Geneva]. La Stampa (in Italian). March 15, 1960.
  46. ^ "Bodies of 3 Women Found In Park Cave". Oakland Tribune. March 16, 1960. p. 1.
  47. ^ Woolf, Alex (2004). Investigating Thefts and Heists. Heinemann Library. pp. 18–19.
  48. ^ "Convicted 'Starved Rock Killer' Chester Weger Released from Prison". 21 February 2020.
  49. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2008). South Africa in Contemporary Times. New Africa Press. p. 55.
  50. ^ "Centinaia di peronisti arrestati a Buenos Aires per stroncare il terrorismo" [Hundreds of Peronists arrested in Buenos Aires to crush terrorism]. La Stampa (in Italian). March 17, 1960.
  51. ^ "À bout de souffle : la critique du film" [Breathless: film review]. CinéDweller (in French). Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  52. ^ Thakur, Pradeep (2010). MADONNA: Unstoppable!. Punjab, India. ISBN 978-8-190-87057-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  53. ^ "John Hemming". politics.co.uk.
  54. ^ "U.S. Probes Plane Bomb Hint; 63 Die". Oakland Tribune. March 18, 1960. p. 1.
  55. ^ Szurovy, Geza (2003). Classic American Airlines. MBI. p. 135.
  56. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur M.; Sobel, David (1965). A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Houghton Mifflin. p. 65.
  57. ^ Weiner, Tim (2008). Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. Anchor Books. p. 182.
  58. ^ van Boxsel, Matthijs (2004). The Encyclopædia of Stupidity. Reaktion. pp. 170–171.
  59. ^ "La Lollo afferma: "Andiamo nel Canada perchè gli italiani non vogliono mio figlio"" [Lollo says: "We go to Canada because the Italians don't want my son".]. La Stampa (in Italian). March 18, 1960.
  60. ^ "Weapons That Did Not Make the Cut". The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009.
  61. ^ "Moon Crater Named Edison by Russians". The New York Times. UPI. March 19, 1960. p. 2.
  62. ^ Volta, Sandro (March 19, 1960). "De Gaulle rifiuta di convocare l'Assemblea in seduta straordinaria" [De Gaulle refuses to call the Assembly into extraordinary session.]. La Stampa (in Italian).
  63. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz and Christof Hartmann, Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I (Nomos Publishing, 2001), pp. 710–722 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
  64. ^ "Minority Govt. In Ceylon". Winnipeg Free Press. March 21, 1960. p. 1.
  65. ^ Lovell, Julia (2006). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-AD 2000. Grove Press. p. 317.
  66. ^ "Dallas Changes Grid Team Name". Colorado Springs Gazette. March 20, 1960. p. B-1.
  67. ^ "Rivolta di reparti armati in Bolivia, stroncata con le artiglierie e gli aerei" [Revolt of armed units in Bolivia, crushed with artillery and airplanes.]. La Stampa (in Italian). March 20, 1960.
  68. ^ "DU Scores Late to Rip Tech for NCAA Crown". Colorado Springs Gazette. March 20, 1960. p. B-1.
  69. ^ "Ohio State Stuns California in NCAA Finals". Colorado Springs Gazette. March 20, 1960. p. B-1.
  70. ^ "Fla. Governor Criticizes Segregated Store Cafes", Charleston (WV) Gazette, March 21, 1960, p2; Glenda Alice Rabby, The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida (University of Georgia Press, 1999), p107
  71. ^ "Siberia", in The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry, M. S. Vassiliou, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2009) p460
  72. ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa and America in the Sixties: A Decade That Changed the Nation and the Destiny of a Continent (New Africa Press, 2006), pp49–50; "50 Slain, 156 Wounded in Africa Riot", Oakland Tribune, March 21, 1960, p1; "The Sharpeville Massacre", TIME Magazine, April 4, 1960
  73. ^ Ephraim Kahana, Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence (Scarecrow Press 2006),3
  74. ^ Nick Taylor, Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War (Citadel Press Books, 2000), p114
  75. ^ "L'ex ministro nazista Bonnard condannato a una pena simbolica". La Stampa. March 24, 1960.
  76. ^ "Death Frees Lifer In Prison 63 Years", Pittsburgh Press, March 24, 1960, p40
  77. ^ "Milestones", TIME Magazine, April 4, 1960
  78. ^ Adelfi, Nicola (March 24, 1960). "Kruscev giunto a Parigi consiglia di rinnovare un'intesa franco-russa". La Stampa.
  79. ^ "oldwings.nl website" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  80. ^ "Henry de MONTHERLANT | Académie française". www.academie-francaise.fr. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  81. ^ Tito, Michele (March 26, 1960). "Oggi al Quirinale il giuramento dei ministri". La Stampa.
  82. ^ Antonia Fraser, Cromwell, the Lord Protector (Grove Press, 1973), p698; Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1996
  83. ^ Euromast website (English)
  84. ^ "Dam Break Floods Brazil Town". The New York Times. March 28, 1960. p. 6.
  85. ^ Jansen, Robert B. (1983). Dams and Public Safety. U.S. Department of the Interior. p. 166.
  86. ^ "Brazil Lists Flood Deaths". Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. AP. April 3, 1960. p. 1.
  87. ^ "Napa Racer and Cameraman Killed". Oakland Tribune. March 26, 1960. p. 1.
  88. ^ "Hawks Whip Lakers for Final Playoff Berth". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. March 27, 1960. p. 3-1.
  89. ^ "KKK Crosses Burn In Two States". Oakland Tribune. March 28, 1960. p. 32.
  90. ^ "Virginia v. Black (Opinion of the Court)".
  91. ^ Handbook of Texas online
  92. ^ "The End of Steam Engines". HowStuffWorks. 17 April 2008.
  93. ^ Quinn, Bryan (November 7, 2013). "In pictures: Glasgow's heroic firefighters". Glasgow. Daily Record. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  94. ^ "Rep. Russell Mack Collapses, Dies". Oakland Tribune. March 28, 1960. p. 1.
  95. ^ Hall, Kermit L.; Patrick, John J. (2006). The Pursuit of Justice: Supreme Court Decisions that Shaped America. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–148.
  96. ^ Thurman, James T. (2006). Practical Bomb Scene Investigation. CRC Press. p. 79.
  97. ^ Les Switzer and Mohamed Adhikari, South Africa's Resistance Press: Alternative Voices in the Last Generation Under Apartheid (Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2000), p132
  98. ^ "30,000 Africans In Demonstration", Oakland Tribune, March 30, 1960, p1
  99. ^ "5,000 Negro Students In Protest", Oakland Tribune, March 30, 1960, p1
  100. ^ Grzegorz Ekiert, The State Against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe (Princeton University Press, 1996), p107
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