Margaret Hutton (née Goe; August 19, 1727[1] – c1797[2]) was an early settler colonist in southwestern Pennsylvania and the largest enslaver in the state at the time of the first federal census.[3] Hutton registered nine people as lifetime slaves in 1780[4] and sixteen children as term slaves[5] between 1788 and her death in 1797.[6] Her 1795 last will and testament identified twenty-six enslaved people by name.[7] All told, Hutton enslaved at least thirty-six people during her lifetime.[8]
Margaret Hutton | |
|---|---|
| Born | August 19, 1727 |
| Died | c1797 |
| Known for | largest enslaver in Pennsylvania at the time of the first federal census |
| Spouse | Richard Hutton |
| Children | Mary Hutton |
| Relatives | William Goe (brother), Hezekiah Magruder (son-in-law) |
Early life and family
editMargaret Goe was born on August 19, 1727, in Prince George's County, Maryland, to William Goe and Mary Boyd.[1] She married Richard Hutton and the couple had a daughter they named Mary.[9] When Richard died in 1772, he bequeathed to Mary a boy named Edward Simpson and a girl named Hannah.[10] When Mary Hutton married Hezekiah Magruder, Mary and Edward became his property under the law of coverture.
The Goes, Huttons, and Magruders moved to southwestern Pennsylvania in 1773, settling near Redstone Creek in what is now Fayette County along with between twenty and thirty enslaved people they brought from Maryland.[11][12] The death of Margaret's husband, followed by her son-in-law in 1787, left Hutton one of the wealthiest women in the region, as she inherited land and enslaved people from both men.[13]
Slaveholding
editGenealogist Tony Burroughs identifies at least thirty-six people whom Hutton held in bondage during her lifetime. Their names are as follows: "Old Catherine," "Old Rachel," "Old Jeremiah," Tobias, Hannah, William Edward Simpson, Thomas Simpson, Sarah, Susannah, Alice, Isaac, Philimona, Terrementa, Alice, Henriette, Abram, Rachel, Cassandra, David, Benjamin, Henry Fitz Edward, Leah, Priscilla, Charles David, Robert, Anna, Rebecca, Jamima, Daniel, Ester, William, Dinah, Elizabeth, Charity, and George.[14] There were 282 enslaved people in Fayette County in 1790,[15] meaning that the individuals with ties to the Goe, Hutton, and Magruder families constituted a significant percentage of the region's Black community.
In her last will and testament, Hutton bequeathed a variety of tools to the people she enslaved, including axes, hoes, sickles, scythes, and ploughs for the men, as well as spinning wheels, pots, kettles, and skillets for the women. Hutton also bequeathed various crops and livestock, including corn, wheat, flax, wool, cows, lambs, and pigs.[16] This suggests that the people whom Hutton enslaved labored primarily as farmers and domestic servants. There were some people, however, who had acquired more specialized skills. Henry Fitz Edward and Charles David possessed knowledge of tailoring and shoemaking respectively.[17]
Death and manumission
editWhen Margaret Hutton composed her last will and testament on February 12, 1795, she provided for the conditional manumission of the twenty-six people she still enslaved. She generally allowed that older people should have their freedom within a year of her death, while younger people were to be sold for a period of years before having their freedom. Hutton also allowed most of this group to collect cash and goods from her executors in order to support themselves in freedom. Her decision to leave property to the community she had enslaved during her lifetime helped to establish a free Black community in the Monongahela Valley.[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Goe, Melvin Boone (1996). The Goe Family, 1996: A Revised and Updated Edition of The Goe Family, 1702-1978 ... M.B. Goe. pp. 2–3.
- ^ "Hutton, Margaret". www.pa-roots.org. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
- ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1909). A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790-1900. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 137.
- ^ Albert, George Dallas (1882). History of the County of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. L. H. Everts. p. 449.
- ^ Young, Cory James (2019). "From North to Natchez during the Age of Gradual Abolition". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 143 (2): 117–119, 124–125. doi:10.1353/pmh.2019.0014. ISSN 2169-8546. S2CID 151098017.
- ^ Osborne, Christopher M. (2005). "Invisible Hands: Slaves, Bound Laborers, and the Development of Western Pennsylvania, 1780-1820". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 72 (1): 81. doi:10.2307/27778659. ISSN 0031-4528. JSTOR 27778659. S2CID 152164125.
- ^ Burroughs, Tony (2010). "The African American Truman Family of Fayette County" (PDF). The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine. 46 (4): 317–318.
- ^ Burroughs, pp. 320-321
- ^ Goe, p. 9
- ^ Burroughs, pp. 320-321
- ^ Burroughs, p. 318
- ^ Conley, Nathaniel (2018). Frontier Capitalism and Unfree Labor in Middle Appalachia: The Development of Western Pennsylvania and Maryland, 1760-1840 (PhD). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. pp. 61–62.
- ^ Conley, pp. 86-88
- ^ Burroughs, pp. 320-321
- ^ Osborne, p. 79
- ^ Conley, p. 156
- ^ Burroughs, p. 317
- ^ Conley, pp. 156-157, 161