Marie-Louise Charles (1765, Petit-Bourg – after 1807) was a freed African slave born in Guadeloupe around 1765 and living in Bordeaux, France at the end of the 18th century as a businesswoman.[1]
Biography
editMarie-Louise Charles was born as a slave in Guadeloupe around 1765 in the village of Petit-Bourg. Her parents, Charles and Marie, were in all likelihood two slaves.[2]
When she appears in Bordeaux, France, she is a free woman of about 20 years of age. In the summer of 1784, Marie-Louise bought a "start of a building" a few hundred meters from the Saint-Seurin Basilica. This part of Bordeaux was outside the city walls and preferred by the Black community. She bought the house for the sum of 4,000 livres, a colossal sum for a newly freed slave. The transaction was about three times higher than the average buying price at that time. The deed of sale says Bernardin Brunelot, a Bordeaux man originally from Santo Domingo, stood surety, accepting financial responsibility.[2] She expanded the house and sold it three years later to Casimir Fidèle for twice the purchase price.[2]
Through financial deals and the rental of her property, she acquired a fortune and was able to live in luxury. In 1790, she married the mixed race hairdresser François Hardy.[2] According to Duprat:
"During this marriage, it was she who provided the greater part of the pooled assets: while François only brought 200 livres, Marie-Louise presented herself with a debt of 3,000 livres owed by Mr. Fidèle as well as furniture estimated at more than 1,400 livres. She owned a complete bed and a walnut wardrobe, two imposing pieces of furniture that were real investments under the Ancien Régime."[2]
Her life has been the subject of research and is considered to be remarkable for a former slave in the 18th century.[1] While there was a large enclave of people of African descent and former slaves in Bordeaux, only a minority of them became rich, and most of those were male. She was last noted in the Napoleonic census of 1807, when she stated that she was a seamstress and was apparently no longer wealthy.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b Julie Duprat, Présences noires à Bordeaux : passage et intégration des gens de couleur à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, Thèse soutenue à l’École des chartes, 2017
- ^ a b c d e f Duprat, Julie (2018-03-08). "Une entrepreneuse créole : Marie-Louise Charles". Noire métropole (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-11.