Maring, also known as Mareng or Yoadabe-Watoare, is a Trans–New Guinea language of the Chimbu–Wahgi branch. Speakers of the language can be found in the Bismarck range of the Madang province or in the Hagen district of the Western Highlands province. Dialects of the Maring language are Central Maring, Eastern Maring, Timbunki, Tsuwenki, Karamba, and Kambegl. All Maring speakers can understand the Central Maring dialect.
| Maring | |
|---|---|
| Mareng, Yoadabe-Watoare | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Madang Province and Western Highlands Province |
| Ethnicity | Maring, such as the Tsembaga Maring |
Native speakers | (11,000 cited 1998)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mbw |
| Glottolog | mari1435 |
| ELP | Maring |
Language status and development
editAccording to EGIDS, the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale, the Maring language is rated as a 5.[2] This rating on EGIDS means that this language is still developing, meaning that the language is not sustainable but there is significant use of the language verbally and literately.[3] According to AES, the Agglomerated Endangerment Status, the Maring language is considered as threatened.[4]
The development of the language is low. The literacy rate of native speakers is below 5%, while the rate of people who use Maring as a second language is below 5%.
Phonology
edit| ɑ | mb | nd | ə | ɛ | ŋg | i | ndzj | k | l | m | n | nj | ŋ | o | p | r | tsj | t | u | w | j |
| a | b | d | e | ee | g | i | j | k | l | m | n | ny | ng | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
| A | B | D | G | J | K | L | M | N | Ny | Ng | P | R | S | T | W | Y |
/w/ voiced labial-velar approximant
/mb/ voiced prenasalised bilabial plosive
/nd/ voiced prenasalised dental plosive
/ŋg/ voiced prenasalised velar plosive
/nj/ voiced palatalized dental affricate
/tsj/ voiceless palatalized dental affricate
/ndzj/ voiced prenasalized dental affricate
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Tap or Flap | ||||||
| Fricative | ||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ||||||
| Approximant | j | |||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | ə | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ||
| Open | ɑ |
Syllable patterns
editThe following are different patterns of consonants (C) and vowels (V) for syllables. Examples for each pattern show the Maring word with each syllable separated by a period. The example syllable pattern in the word will be in bold. The English translation of the word will follow in single quotation.
V
edit- a.sa 'sister'
- ai.u.gui 'to close'
- au.a 'different'
VV
edit- ae 'we two'
- ai.re 'what, how'
VC
edit- am 'breast'
- an.pek 'quickly'
- ai.uk 'flat'
CV
edit- ma 'possum'
- na.ko 'I'
- ro.ba.da 'hot'
- a.bo 'buttocks'
CVV
edit- moe 'yam type'
- mai.wa 'very large'
- jee.kai 'grub type'
CVC
edit- kong 'taro'
- kam.gul 'thunder'
- tu.wum.pai 'pandanus sp.'
- a.bin 'your wife'
CVVC
edit- mieng 'tree sp.'
- a.ruib 'taro type'
References
edit- ^ Maring at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Maring". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- ^ "Language Status". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.0 - Maring". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- ^ "Maring Organised Phonology Data | Languages of Papua New Guinea". pnglanguages.sil.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
External links
edit- Materials on Maring are included in the open access Arthur Capell (AC1) and Malcolm Ross (MR1) held by Paradisec.