The Sailors of the Imperial Guard (French: Marins de la Garde Impériale) were a naval unit within Napoleon's Imperial Guard. The unit's soldiers not only operated as naval infantry but as gunners (after the training they had received in naval gunnery), sailors and engineers. Napoleon himself stated, "They were good sailors, then they were the best soldiers. And they did everything - they were soldiers, gunners, sappers, everything!".[1]
| Sailors/Seaman of the Imperial Guard | |
|---|---|
 Quartermaster of the Sailors of the Imperial Guard | |
| Active | 29 July 1804–23 April 1814 29 May 1815–4 September 1815 |
| Country |  First French Empire |
| Branch |  French Imperial Army |
| Type | Artillery Support |
| Size | Initially 4 x Companies, later expanded to 8 |
| Part of | Old Guard, Imperial Guard |
| Engagements | |
History
editWhen Napoleon was crowned emperor on 2 December 1804, the Consular Guard's Marine battalion consisted of 820 officers, non-commissioned officers and ratings. Napoleon integrated that battalion into the new Imperial Guard in 5 crews totalling 818 officers and men. Its ranks were those of the navy, not the army, and each crew was commanded by a Capitaine de frégate or Capitaine de vaisseau and four other officers, with 15 non-commissioned officers and 125 ratings.
The new unit's first task was to form part of the force at Boulogne for the Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom. They built boats for the force and served in their primary role as an elite unit to bolster naval crews, which often had little training or experience. When the invasion was called off, part of the unit fought in the 1805 Austrian campaign, fighting at Ulm and Austerlitz. Then, in 1806, 102 men from the unit took part in the Prussian campaign, fighting at Jena and especially in the Siege of Danzig, where they formed part of Chasseloup-Laubat's force of engineers. Finally, they followed the Grande Armée into Poland, where they were re-joined by the crews who had remained in France. Together they then fought at Eylau and Friedland.
After the Peace of Tilsit, the unit was sent back to France but left for the Peninsular War soon afterwards. Under the orders of General Dupont, they took an active part in the Battle of Bailén, where they suffered heavy losses. The survivors were taken prisoner and sent to Cádiz on barges, where some remained until 1814. The unit had to be re-formed from scratch in March 1809 but was now only a single crew of 150 officers and men, which fought at Wagram led by Capitaine de vaisseau Pierre Baste, mainly as gunners.
In September 1810, 8 more crews were added, raising the unit's strength to 1,136 officers, NCOs and ratings. It suffered badly in the Invasion of Russia, fighting in several battles and decimated by cold, hunger and disease - only 85 of its officers and men were still alive when the army crossed back into Germany. Reorganised and brought up to strength with new recruits, the unit fought at Leipzig as part of the Young Guard's infantry.
In 1814, the unit took part in the French campaign, notably the defence of Paris. A small detachment of 21 sailors from the unit accompanied Napoleon into exile on Elba.[2] During the Hundred Days, one crew of 150 was re-formed,[3] which fought at Ligny and Waterloo - at the latter, they covered the retreat of the 1st Grenadier Regiment and 1st Foot Chasseurs of the Old Guard. They were finally disbanded on 15 August 1815.
Uniform
editThe uniform consisted of a navy blue tunic and trousers with an Austrian knot on each thigh. The tunic consisted of red cuffs and dolman styled embroidery and scale epaulettes. The shako was black with orange (sometimes depicted as yellow) laces, shevrons and cords. It had a unique shako plate that consisted of an anchor with the Imperial eagle. The shoes, waistbelt and cross-belt were also black. The waistbelt was designed after the light cavalry's design. The musicians wore similar uniforms to the infantry but instead wore a lighter blue than the infantry's dark blue.
The officers wore navy blue uniforms like their infantry counterparts, but had an aiguilette draped across the right shoulder. On the left shoulder they had a golden epaulette. The shako is replaced by a bicorne with a large red plume.
Commanders
edit
- 1805 : François Henri Eugène Daugier
- 1809 : Pierre Baste
- 1810 : Antoine Vattier
- 1811 : Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume
- 1813 : Louis Pierre François Ricard Barthélémy de Saizeu
- 1815 : Capitaine de frégate François Louis Taillade[4]
References
edit- ^ Philip Haythornthwaite, The Imperial Guard, Osprey Publishing, 2004 (ISBN 2-84349-178-9), page 7
- ^ Henry Houssaye, 1815, Paris, Perrin et cie, 1921, p.148
- ^ "Histoire du monde.net".
- ^ "The Garde Imperiale and Its Commanders during the Period 1804 - 1815".