Marlborough Churchill (August 11, 1878 – July 9, 1947) was a U.S. Army officer. Together with Herbert Yardley, he was instrumental in establishing the joint United States Department of State and United States Department of War's cryptanalytic group, called the Black Chamber.
Marlborough Churchill | |
|---|---|
 Marlborough Churchill circa 1912 | |
| Born | August 11, 1878 Andover, Massachusetts, US |
| Died | July 9, 1947 (aged 68) |
| Service | United States Army |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
Early life and education
editHe was born on August 11, 1878, in Andover, Massachusetts, a son of Professor John Wesley Churchill of Andover Theological Seminary and Mary (Cooper) Churchill. Churchill graduated from Phillips Academy in 1896 and then attended Harvard University, graduating in 1900.[1]
Military career
editHe was commissioned in the Field Artillery Branch.[1] He was promoted to captain on April 13, 1911.[1] He was promoted to major on May 15, 1917. On June 12, 1918, he was promoted to colonel in the National Army. On August 8, 1918, he was promoted to brigadier general.[1]
In 1917, Churchill served on the general staff of the American Expeditionary Force in France. On 5 June 1918, Brigadier General Churchill succeeded Ralph Van Deman as head of the Military Intelligence Branch of the War Department, where he remained until 19 August 1920.[1] In this capacity, Churchill advocated in December 1918 that MI-8, Cipher Bureau, then headed by Herbert Yardley, continue to do its cryptanalyic work after World War I.[2]
Awards
editHe received the Army Distinguished Service Medal.[3] The citation for the medal reads:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I as Chief of Staff of the Army Artillery of the 1st Army, American Expeditionary Forces, and for his ability, zeal, and untiring energy in building up the Military Intelligence Division of the General Staff as Director of Military Intelligence. General Churchill discharged these duties of great responsibility with ability, tact, and energy. He built up the Intelligence Service to its present high state of efficiency.
His other decorations included Order of the Bath, officer of the Legion of Honor, commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy, and commander of the Order of Leopold.[1]
Personal life
editHe married Mary Smith on October 7, 1904.[1]
Death and legacy
editHe died on July 9, 1947, in Manhattan, New York City.[4] He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Churchill is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.
Bibliography
edit- Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, North Carolina: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
- Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-68453-2. OCLC 865332376.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. pp. 74–75. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
- ^ Alvarez, David (2000) Secret Messages: Codebreaking and American Diplomacy, 1930-1945, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas), p. 9.
- ^ "Valor awards for Marlborough Churchill".
- ^ "Gen. M. Churchill Dies In Home At 68. Military Intelligence Director in 1918. Joined Army After Obtaining Harvard Degree". New York Times. July 10, 1947. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
Brig. Gen. Marlborough Churchill, USA, retired, who won distinction in a military career he adopted immediately after his graduation from Harvard in 1900, died yesterday at his home, 40 East Eighty-third Street, at the age of 68.
