Mary E. Holland (February 25, 1868 - March 27, 1915) was an American detective who became an early advocate for fingerprint identification in criminal investigations. She was one of the expert witnesses in the first case in which a criminal was convicted by fingerprint evidence in the United States. She "single-handedly was responsible for the accelerated acceptance of the Henry system"[1] for classifying fingerprints in the United States. She was once called "the most noted woman criminologist in the world."[2]
Mary E. Holland | |
|---|---|
 Holland in 1909 | |
| Born | Mary E. Troxel February 25, 1868 |
| Died | March 27, 1915 (aged 47) |
| Occupation | Detective |
| Years active | 1904 - 1915 |
| Known for | Early advocate of fingerprint evidence in U.S. |
| Spouse | Philip Cosmore Holland |
Biography
editMary E. Troxel was born February 25, 1868, in Galena, Illinois,[3][4] the daughter of Elias Daniel Troxel and Sarah Troxel (nee Miller).[5] Her father, a Methodist Minister,[6] had met Allan Pinkerton while in the military, and became an admirer of his work. He collected detective books, which Mary would read, sparking her interest in detective work.[4]
Mary Troxel married Philip Cosmore Holland in 1888.[5] Beginning in the 1880s in Cedar Rapids, Iowa,[2] Mr. Holland published The Detective, a magazine for law enforcement professionals that ran photos of wanted criminals and cataloged criminological supplies.[7] Mary was the co-editor.[5] When the magazine became successful they moved their offices to Chicago.[2]
Mary Holland also ran the Holland Detective Agency[5][1] with offices in the Schiller Building in Chicago.[2] As a private detective she sometimes consulted on cases with the Chicago police.[8] In one dramatic case, she was hired to assist in a lease dispute and she ended up in a gunfight over possession of a saloon.[9]
Sgt. John K. Ferrier of Scotland Yard attended the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis as part of the security for an exhibit of Queen Victoria's jewels. He also had an exhibit and taught classes regarding the then-novel Henry Classification System for fingerprints. Mary Holland met Ferrier there and attended classes with him for seven and a half months.[5] She also travelled to London for further training and there she passed proficiency tests administered by Scotland Yard.[10]
She became an advocate for forensic fingerprint identification and began training local police departments around the U.S. to use it.[5][1] According to Hawthorne she was the "strongest proponent" of the Henry system against some rivals, and was responsible for its general acceptance throughout the U.S.[1]
In 1906 Holland trained personnel from the U.S. Navy in fingerprinting, which adopted the system.[5]
There is no work a man does that a woman cannot do just as well. My belief in my sex, its brain and ability is strong and deep-rooted.
— Mary E. Holland, Detroit Free Press, 1908[6]
In the 1910 murder trial of Thomas Jennings in Chicago, Holland was one of several experts called to verify the fingerprint evidence used to convict the accused.[5] The conviction, upheld on appeal, was the first time fingerprint evidence was used to convict a suspect in the United States. Jennings was executed on February 16, 1912.[11]
Holland also studied under Alphonse Bertillon,[6][8] who had a system of identifying suspects by measurements and classification of mugshots. Holland became the American agent for the Bertillon system and trained others on it and sold it to local police departments.[2]
Mary Holland died on March 27, 1915[5] at age 47. She died of pneumonia following a surgery.[3] She was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Chicago.[12]
In popular media
edit- Holland was the inspiration for the "girl detective" Miss Madelyn Mack in a series of stories by Hugh C. Weir.[13]
- Madelyn Mack was the main character in two silent films by the Kalem Company,[13] and played by Alice Joyce.[14] Both films are now believed to be lost.[15]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Hawthorne, Mark (2008). Fingerprints: Analysis and Understanding. CRC Press. pp. 8, 10, 13. ISBN 978-1-4200-6864-1. OCLC 7349965510. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e "Scientific Identification". The Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. October 9, 1909. p. 10. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Noted Woman Detective, Mrs. Holland, Dies". Daily Review. Pomona, California. April 13, 1915. p. 3. Retrieved August 11, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Stephen, Isabel (March 2, 1913). "Women Who Have Won Out in Business". Buffalo Courier. p. 36. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bradford, Russell R. (May 1993). "Mary E. Holland - America's First Fingerprint Instructor". The Print. 14 (5). Southern California Association of Fingerprint Officers: 1, 2. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Criminals Have Little Love For This Remarkable Woman". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. June 3, 1908. p. 7. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Janik, Erika (2016). Pistols and Petticoats: 175 Years of Lady Detectives in Fact and Fiction. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0807039380. OCLC 920817633.
- ^ a b Mullenbach, Cheryl (2016). Women in Blue : 16 Brave Officers, Forensics Experts, Police Chiefs, and More. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1613734223. OCLC 920683298 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Armed Women Hold A Chicago Saloon". The Evening Herald. Ottawa, Kansas. May 3, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved June 29, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Cole, Simon A. (1998). "Witnessing Identification: Latent Fingerprinting Evidence and Expert Knowledge". Social Studies of Science. 28 (5/6): 687–712. doi:10.1177/030631298028005002. JSTOR 285514. S2CID 144396685.
- ^ Uenuma, Francine (December 5, 2018). "The First Criminal Trial That Used Fingerprints as Evidence". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ "Mrs. Mary Holland, Noted Detective, Dies". Chicago Examiner. March 31, 1915. p. 17. Retrieved August 11, 2020 – via newspaperarchive.com.
- ^ a b Weir, Hugh C. (1914). Miss Madelyn Mack, Detective. Boston: The Page Company. OCLC 1130265292. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Wlaschin, Ken (2009). Silent Mystery and Detective Movies: A Comprehensive Filmography. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 132, 191, 263. ISBN 9780786443505. OCLC 298304604. Retrieved June 29, 2020 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Who was the inspiration behind Miss Madelyn Mack, Detective?". UNCG Special Collections & University Archives. University of North Carolina at Greensboro. August 19, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.