Mary Garrett Hay (August 20, 1857 – August 29, 1928) was an American suffragist and community organizer. She served as president of the Women's City Club of New York, the Woman Suffrage Party and the New York Equal Suffrage League. Hay was known for creating woman's suffrage groups across the country. She was also close to the notable suffragist, Carrie Chapman Catt, with one contemporary, Rachel Foster Avery, stating that Hay "really loves" Catt.[1]
Mary Garrett Hay | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | August 20, 1857 |
| Died | August 29, 1928 (aged 71) Pelham, New York, US |
| Occupation(s) | Suffragist Community organizer |
| Partner | Carrie Chapman Catt |
Early life
editHay was born in Charlestown, Indiana, on August 20, 1857.[2][3] She was the eldest of five children of Andrew Jennings Hay, a physician, and Rebecca H. Hay (née Garrett).[2][4] Her mother died when she was young and she would travel with her father, who was an important Republican, when he visited patients or had political work.[5] She was a devout Presbyterian.[6] Hay attended the Western Female Seminary in Oxford, Ohio, between 1873 and 1874, where she studied to become a pharmacist and later worked for her father's pharmacy.[5][6]
Activism
editHay moved home after graduation, at a time when the Women's Crusade was becoming popular in the Midwest.[4] She became involved in the temperance movement, particularly in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). She served as the local secretary-treasurer before becoming the treasurer for the state chapter, a position that she held for seven years. She ran a department in the national organization by 1885. As the WCTU began to focus on a wider range of issues, including women's suffrage, Hay was persuaded by Zerelda Gray Wallace to join a suffrage group. She worked her way up from the local chapter to the state office.[2][4]
She met Carrie Chapman Catt, who was organizing suffrage campaigns across the country, possibly while the pair were attending a National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) convention.[2][7][8] In the summer of 1895, Hay and Catt moved in together for a while.[8] When Catt's husband, George, died in 1905, Hay moved in with Catt permanently and took over the household responsibilities.[1][9]
In 1896, when California was creating its state constitution, Hay, along with women she organized, worked to have women's suffrage be included, though the referendum for women to vote was narrowly defeated.[5] Her work in California gave her valuable experience in organizing.[10] Hay created suffrage groups across the country.[5] In November 1895 she and the Rev. Henrietta G. Moore organized the state convention that founded the West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association. In 1899, she and Catt traveled through 20 different states, made numerous speeches and attended 15 conventions.[9] At conventions, like one in Topeka in 1918, Hay advocated creating citizenship and civics classes for women.[11] Hay served as the president of the New York Equal Suffrage League from 1910 to 1918.[12] In 1912, she was the president of the group, The Daughters of Indiana.[13] She served as president of the Woman Suffrage Party (WSP) in 1915.[14] She also encouraged women to find employment by creating jobs as part of the Committee for Extending Business Opportunities to Women, founding in 1915.[15] During her time in WSP, she organized the enrollment of thousands of women to vote in the state of New York.[16] In 1919, she was also the president of the Women's City Club of New York (WCC).[17] Hay was nominated to the WCC in order to bring a strong leadership role to the civic organization.[18] Hay was also the president of the New York City League of Women Voters between 1918 and 1923.[12]
Republican politics
edit
Hay became one of the first women in the Eastern United States to join a political party when she became a Republican.[3] She served as chair of the Republican Women's National Executive Committee in 1919 and 1920.[12] Hay ensured that women's suffrage remained an important plank in the Republican Party of the time.[19] She encouraged other women to join the party.[20] In 1920, Hay and Catt cast ballots for the first time for president, together.[21]
During the 1910s, Hay was considered as a potential presidential candidate.[15]
Later life and legacy
editHay died in Pelham at home of a heart attack.[3] She was found by Catt inside of their home.[22] Catt created a monument to Hay where she was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery.[23] After Catt died in 1947, she was buried next to Hay.[1] Their headstone reads, "Here lie two, united in friendship for 38 years through constant service to a great cause".[24]
A historic marker honoring Hay was unveiled in the town square in Charlestown on November 15, 2021.[25]
In popular culture
editWinter Wheat, a musical by Cathy Bush about the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in Tennessee, premiered at the Barter Theatre in 2016. The original version of the play had a limited run at the Barter in 2014. Hay and Carrie Chapman Catt are characters in the play. The show also features anti-suffragist Josephine Anderson Pearson and Tennessee state representative Harry T. Burn, who cast the deciding vote for ratification in Tennessee.[26]
The 2022 musical Suffs, depicting several historical suffragists in the final years before the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, features Hay as a supporting character. The role was originated by Jaygee Macapugay Off-Broadway and in the 2024 Broadway production. The musical explicitly depicts her and Catt as being in a romantic relationship.[27]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c Rupp 1997, p. 585.
- ^ a b c d Opdycke, Sandra (1999). "Hay, Mary Garrett (1857–1928), suffragist and reformer". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500314. (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Mary Garrett Hay's Watchword to Women in Politics Was: "Be Nice to the Men"; Fought for Suffrage from Girlhood". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 2, 1928. Retrieved March 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c American reformers : an H.W. Wilson biographical dictionary. New York: H.W. Wilson Co. 1985. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-0-8242-0705-2.
- ^ a b c d Gray, Lillian (June 28, 1903). "Mary Garrett Hay: Organizer of Women's Associations". The Decatur Review. Retrieved March 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Louis 1971, p. 163.
- ^ Beam, Amanda Hillard (September 1, 2015). "A lost daughter: How Charlestown's Mary Garrett Hay changed the world". News and Tribune. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ a b Faderman 1999, p. 62.
- ^ a b Faderman 1999, p. 63.
- ^ "Mary Garrett Hay". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ Thomen, Kate (5 May 1918). "Five Thousand at the Biennial". The Topeka Daily Capital. Retrieved 4 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "Hay, Mary Garrett, 1857–1928. Papers of Mary Garrett Hay in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1918–1923: A Finding Aid". Harvard University Library. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Daughters of Indiana Elect". The Indianapolis Star. 16 January 1912. Retrieved 4 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Van Voris 1987, p. 118.
- ^ a b Poletika, Nicole (2022-01-27). ""A Hundred Years From Now—What?:" Mary Garrett Hay Predicts Life in 2022". The Indiana History Blog. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
- ^ Blackwell, Alice Stone (25 August 1917). "High Lights of the City Campaign". The Woman Citizen. 1: 228.
- ^ "Liquors for Women". Hartford Courant. August 20, 1919. Retrieved March 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Simmons, Eleanor Booth (February 17, 1918). "Women's City Club May Come Into Its Own". New York Herald. Retrieved March 4, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Taaffe, Lillian E. (June 10, 1920). "Women Given '50-50' Share in G.O.P. Party". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 4, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Cheers Greet Women as They Enter Politics". The Indianapolis Star. April 3, 1919. Retrieved March 4, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt and Miss Mary Garrett Hay, suffrage workers". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 5, 1920. Retrieved March 4, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Van Voris 1987, p. 208.
- ^ Van Voris 1987, p. 219.
- ^ Wade, Betsy (December 30, 2005). "History Opens Its Heart to Carrie Chapman Catt". Women's eNews. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Selinsky, Jen (November 15, 2021). "Charlestown unveils marker honoring suffragist". News and Tribune. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021.
- ^ Peterson, Tyler. "World Premiere of WINTER WHEAT Begins Performances 7/29 at Barter Theatre". BroadwayWorld.com.
- ^ Dilella, Frank. "What Pride Means to Suffs Star Jenn Colella". Broadway Direct. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
Sources
edit- Faderman, Lillian (1999). To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done for America – A History. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780547348407.
- Louis, James P. (1971). "Hay, Mary Garrett". In James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S. (eds.). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 163–165. ISBN 978-0674627345.
- Rupp, Leila J. (1997). "Sexuality and Politics in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of the International Women's Movement". Feminist Studies. 23 (3): 577–605. doi:10.2307/3178388. hdl:2027/spo.0499697.0023.309. JSTOR 3178388.
- Van Voris, Jacqueline (1987). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. New York: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York. ISBN 9781558611399.
External links
edit
Media related to Mary Garrett Hay at Wikimedia Commons- Mary Garrett Hay at Find a Grave
- Papers of Mary Garrett Hay
