Mary Lucille Hamilton (October 13, 1935 – November 11, 2002) was an African American civil rights activist. Her case before the United States Supreme Court, Hamilton v. Alabama, decided that an African American woman was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely to whites in the Southern United States,[2] and that calling a black person by his or her first name in a legal proceeding was "a form of racial discrimination".[3]
Mary Lucille Hamilton | |
|---|---|
 The 1961 arrest photo for Harlem CORE member Mary Hamilton as a Freedom Rider in Jackson, Mississippi. At the time, she was 25 years old. | |
| Born | October 13, 1935[1] Cedar Rapids, Iowa |
| Died | November 11, 2002 (aged 67)[1] |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Mary Hamilton Young, Mary Hamilton Wesley |
| Occupation(s) | Activist, teacher |
| Known for | Hamilton v. Alabama (1964) |
| Movement | Civil rights movement |
Early life and education
editHamilton was born to Robert Emerson DeCarlo and Elizabeth Winston Hamilton. She was raised Catholic by her grandmother, partially in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and was a graduate of East Denver High School in Denver, Colorado in 1953.[4][5] She received her B.S. degree at Briarcliff College in Briarcliff Manor, New York, and her M.A.T. (Master of Arts in Teaching) in 1971 at Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York.[1]
Activism
editHamilton, who grew up in Iowa and Colorado, wanted to be a nun and briefly taught parochial school in Los Angeles. After discovering socialism, she became active in the civil rights movement in the South, and joined the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). She participated in the Freedom Rides, and was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1961, enduring "sweltering jails, [and] invasive and unnecessary vaginal exams, answering police and jail officers with "polite noncompliance".[6]
She continued to engage in non-violent protest and helped register voters, all the while being arrested frequently at protests,[6] and rose to the position of "field secretary", the only female field secretary at the time, only the third one in CORE's history, and the first one to be allowed to work in the South.[7] Eventually she became CORE's Southern regional director.[6]
Hamilton v. Alabama (1964)
editAfter being arrested in Lebanon, Tennessee, a mayor who visited her addressed her as Mary, without the honorific "Miss" or "Mrs.", which were then frequently denied to African Americans, but she corrected him: "if you don't know how to speak to a lady...then get out of my cell." Things came to a head when she was one of many civil rights protesters arrested in 1963 in Gadsden, Alabama,[6] and during cross examination at a habeas corpus hearing by the prosecutor in the Etowah County courthouse she refused to answer unless he stopped addressing her as "Mary", demanding she be called "Miss Hamilton".[8] Supported by her lawyer and enduring what she later reported were lewd comments directed at her by Judge Cunningham,[6] she was fined $50 for contempt of court and, when she refused to pay, spent five days in jail. An appeal was filed on grounds that she was denied her constitutional rights since she did not receive the same treatment as white witnesses. It was denied by the Alabama Supreme Court and ended up before the United States Supreme Court,[2] which in April 1964 unanimously overruled the lower court without hearing oral arguments.[6]
"I won't respond," she said, "until you call me Miss Hamilton."
The case made national headlines and landed Hamilton on the cover of Jet magazine, but left her tired and in ill health.[6]
Later life and death
editIn 1964, Hamilton left CORE to marry Walter Young, who was a dentist, and returned to her hometown in Denver, Colorado. That marriage ended in divorce, as did her subsequent marriage to Harold Wesley.[9]
She subsequently worked as a union organizer for 1199, the Drug & Hospital Workers, and as an educator in New York, earning an MAT from Manhattanville College in 1971 and going on to teach English at Sleepy Hollow High School until she retired in 1990.
Mary Hamilton died on November 13, 2002, after a seven-year battle against fourth-stage ovarian cancer.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Obituaries". The North Country News. November 13, 2002. Archived from the original on August 27, 2003. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b Bobrow, Jerry (2005). Barron's How to Prepare for the LSAT, Law School Admission Test. Barron's Educational Series. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-7641-2412-9. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
- ^ Meraji, Shereen Marisol; Demby, Gene (November 29, 2017). "Disrespect To Miss-Respect". Code Switch : NPR (Podcast). National Public Radio. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
- ^ "Ex-teacher Heads La. Rights Fight". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. November 28, 1963.
- ^ Division, Columbia University Libraries Digital Program (2010). "Columbia University Libraries: Oral Histories Portal: Collection Overview". oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g "When 'Miss' Meant So Much More: How One Woman Fought Alabama — And Won". NPR. November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Browne-Marshall, Gloria J. (2013). Race, Law, and American Society: 1607-Present. Routledge. p. 327. ISBN 9781135087937.
- ^ Lawless, Joseph F. (2008). Prosecutorial Misconduct: Law, Procedure, Forms. LexisNexis. p. 1207. ISBN 9781422422137.
- ^ Michaels, Sheila. "Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement Archive -- Mary Hamilton Wesley". The Civil Rights Movement Archive. Westwind Writers Inc. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Further reading
edit- Camila Dominoske, "When 'Miss' Meant So Much More: How One Woman Fought Alabama — And Won", NPR, November 30, 2017