Wikipedia

List of mass panic cases

(Redirected from Mass delusion)

See also: Mass psychogenic illness

In sociology and psychology, mass hysteria is a phenomenon that transmits collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population and society as a result of rumors and fear.[1][2] In medicine, the term is used to describe the spontaneous manifestation—or production of chemicals in the body—of the same or similar hysterical physical symptoms by more than one person.[3][4]

A common type of mass hysteria occurs when a group of people believes that they have a similar disease or ailment,[5] sometimes referred to as mass sociogenic illness or epidemic hysteria.[6]

Middle Ages

  • According to an account which was written by an author in 1784, a nun who lived in a German convent in the 15th century began to bite her companions, and the behavior soon spread through other convents in Germany, Holland and Italy.[7]
  • In The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, an 1844 collection of works written by J. F. C. Hecker (and translated by Benjamin Guy Babington), a translator's note by Babington, citing an unnamed medical textbook, recalls the story of a nun who lived in a French convent during an unspecified time (presumably in the Middle Ages) who inexplicably began to meow like a cat, shortly leading the other nuns in the convent to meow as well. Eventually, all of the nuns in the convent would meow together for a certain period, leaving the surrounding community astonished. This did not stop until the police threatened to whip the nuns.[8]

1500–1800

1800–1950

  • Hammersmith Ghost hysteria (1803) – In November 1803, stories of ghost sightings in the Hammersmith neighbourhood of west London began to circulate. Many people assumed the ghost to be that of a recent suicide victim buried in Hammersmith's churchyard, which was in accordance with a popular notion at the time that suicides should not be buried in sacred grounds because their souls would be unable to find rest there. All witnesses reported the ghost as being very tall and clothed entirely in white, with some adding horns and glass eyes to the mix. As more individuals came forward to claim that they had not only seen the Hammersmith ghost, but had also been assaulted by it, alarm rapidly turned to widespread panic, and finally mass hysteria. Fearful residents responded by taking up guns and monitoring the area. This reaction resulted in one member of the public, Francis Smith, shooting and killing bricklayer Thomas Millwood by mistake, thinking he was the ghost.[16]
  • Spring-heeled Jack sightings (1837-1904) – The earliest known sightings of Spring-heeled Jack, a legendary figure in English folklore, are claimed to have occurred in London in 1837, and the final confirmed sighting is said to have taken place in Liverpool in 1904.[17][18]
  • "Writing Tremor Epidemic" (1892, 1904) – The right hand of a 10-year-old girl in Groß Tinz began trembling, which developed into full-body seizures that spread to 19 other students. A similar epidemic affected 20 in Basel, Switzerland. Twelve years later, the Basel school experienced another outbreak that affected 27 students. Legend of the first outbreak was said to have played a role.[19]
  • Montreal (1894) – 60 students at a ladies' seminary had an outbreak of fits and seizures, some for as long as 2 months.[19]
  • "Trembling Disease" (1905–06) – An estimated 237 children were impacted between October 1905 and May 1906 in Meissen, Germany.[19]
  • (disputed) Miracle of the Sun (13 October, 1917) The Miracle of the Sun, also known as the Miracle of Fátima, was a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously, witnessed by a large crowd who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to a prophecy made by three children. Newspapers published testimony from witnesses who said that they had seen extraordinary solar activity. Skeptical analysts attribute the claims to the "psychological suggestibility of the witnesses".[20]
  • Halifax Slasher (1938) – The "Halifax Slasher" was the name given to a supposed attacker of residents, mostly women, of the town of Halifax, England, in November 1938. The week-long scare began after two women claimed to have been attacked by a mysterious man with a mallet and "bright buckles" on his shoes.[21] Further reports of attacks by a man wielding a knife or a razor followed. The situation became so serious that Scotland Yard was called in to assist the Halifax police.[22] On November 29 one of the alleged victims admitted that he had inflicted the damage upon himself for attention. Others soon had similar admissions, and the Yard investigation concluded that none of the attacks had been real. Five local people were subsequently charged with public mischief offenses, and four were sent to prison.[21]
  • "War of the Worlds" radio broadcast (1938) – Newspaper headlines reported that thousands of Americans were plunged into panic over an Orson Welles radio play, convinced that America was under a deadly Martian attack.[23]
  • Bellevue, Louisiana (1939) – A girl developed a leg twitch at the annual homecoming high school dance. Attacks worsened and spread to friends over the next several weeks.[19]
  • Mad Gasser of Mattoon (1940s) – Mattoon, Illinois
  • Ghost rockets (1946) – German, British and Scandinavian intelligence officials concluded that the Ghost rockets which were reported over Scandinavia are a case of mass hysteria (among other conclusions).[24]
  • Tokyo, Japan (1947) - On May 29, 1947, the United States armed forces radio station in Tokyo (WVTR) broadcast a "news bulletin" that a 20-ft sea monster was spotted in Tokyo Bay and travelling inland.[25][26][27][28][29]
  • 1947 flying disc craze

1950−2000

  • Seattle windshield pitting epidemic (1954)
  • Tanganyika laughter epidemic (1962) – began on January 30, 1962, at a mission-run boarding school for girls in Kashasha, Tanzania. The laughter started with three girls and spread haphazardly throughout the school, affecting 95 of the 159 pupils, aged 12–18.[30][31] Symptoms lasted from a few hours to 16 days in those affected. The teaching staff were not affected but reported that students were unable to concentrate on their lessons. The school was forced to close down on March 18, 1962.[32] After the school was closed and the students were sent home, the epidemic spread to Nshamba, a village that was home to several of the girls.[32] In April and May, 217 people had laughing attacks in the village, most of them school children and young adults. The Kashasha school was reopened on May 21, only to be closed again at the end of June. In June, the laughing epidemic spread to Ramashenye girls' middle school, near Bukoba, affecting 48 girls. Another outbreak occurred in Kanyangereka and two nearby boys schools were closed.[30]
  • June bug epidemic (1962) – A mysterious disease broke out in a dressmaking department of an American textile factory. The symptoms included numbness, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Word of a bug in the factory that would bite its victims and cause them to develop the above symptoms quickly spread.[33] Soon 62 employees developed this mysterious illness, some of whom were hospitalized. The news media reported on the case. After research by company physicians and experts from the US Public Health Service Communicable Disease Center, it was concluded that the case was one of mass hysteria. While the researchers believed some workers were bitten by the bug, anxiety was probably the cause of the symptoms. No evidence was ever found for a bug which could cause the above flu-like symptoms, nor did all workers demonstrate bites.
  • Welsh, Louisiana (1962) – With students' sexual activity under close scrutiny by school officials, and following rumors of mandatory pregnancy tests, 21 girls and one boy in grades six to eleven were affected by seizures and other symptoms over six months.[19]
  • Blackburn faintings (1965) – In October 1965, several girls at a girls' school complained of dizziness in Blackburn, England.[34] Some fainted. Within a couple of hours, 85 girls from the school were rushed by ambulance to a nearby hospital after fainting. Symptoms included swooning, moaning, chattering of teeth, hyperpnea, and tetany.[34] A medical analysis of the event about one year later found that outbreaks began among the 14-year-olds, but that the heaviest incidence moved to the youngest age groups.[34] There was no evidence of pollution of food or air.[34] The younger girls proved more susceptible, but disturbance was more severe and lasted longer in the older girls.[34] Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory, those affected had higher scores for extroversion and neuroticism.[34] It was considered that the epidemic was hysterical, that a previous polio epidemic had rendered the population emotionally vulnerable, and that a three-hour parade, producing 20 faints on the day before the first outbreak, had been the specific trigger.[34]
  • Mount Pleasant, Mississippi (1976) – School officials suspected drug use after 15 students fell to the ground writhing, but no drugs were found and hysteria is assumed to be the culprit. At one point, one third of the school's 900 students stayed home for fear of being "hexed".[19]
  • Malaysia (1970s–1980s) – Mass hysteria in Malaysia affected school-age girls and young women working in factories. The locals have explained this outbreak as "spirits" having possessed the girls and young women.[35][36][37]
  • Hollinwell incident (1980) – Around 300 people, mostly children, but including adults and babies, suddenly had fainting attacks, nausea and other symptoms. The incident remains one of the prime examples of mass hysteria.
  • West Bank fainting epidemic (1983) – a series of incidents in March 1983 wherein 943 Palestinian teenage girls, mostly schoolgirls, and a small number of IDF women soldiers fainted or complained of feeling nauseous in the West Bank. Israel was accused of using chemical warfare to sterilize West Bank women while IDF sources speculated that a toxic substance had been employed by Palestinian militants to stir up unrest,[38] but investigators concluded that even if some environmental irritant had originally been present, the wave of complaints was ultimately a product of mass hysteria. This conclusion was supported by a Palestinian health official, who said that while 20% of the early cases may have been caused by the inhalation of some kind of gas, the remaining 80% were psychosomatic.[39]
  • Day-care sex-abuse hysteria – a moral panic that occurred primarily in the 1980s and early 1990s featuring charges against day-care providers of several forms of child abuse, including Satanic ritual abuse.[40][41]
  • San Diego (1988) – The U.S. Navy evacuated 600 men from barracks; 119 were sent to San Diego hospitals with complaints of breathing difficulty. No evidence of toxins, food poisoning, or any other cause was found.[42]
  • Kosovo student poisoning (1990) – alleged poisoning of thousands of Kosovan young people by toxic gases,[43] was concluded by professor of medicine Zoran Radovanović to be a product of mass hysteria.[44]
  • Ganesha drinking milk miracle (1995)
  • Pokémon shock (1997) – an incident in which thousands of Japanese children seemingly had seizures while watching "Dennō Senshi Porygon", an episode of Pokémon.[45][46]
  • Belgium (June 1999) – Coca-Cola withdrew 30 million units of its soft-drink product from sale after more than a hundred people in Belgium and northern France complained of cramps, nausea and other problems after consuming the soft drinks. Testing found no evidence of tainted product and the incident was reported to be a panic, perhaps fueled by the discovery of dioxins in Belgian meat, which had brought down the national government earlier that year.[47]

2000–present

  • Monkey-man of Delhi (2001) – Rumors about a hairy monkey-looking monster attacking people in Delhi in India led to the deaths of several panicked people who fell from roofs or stairwells while fleeing what they thought was the monster.
  • North Carolina (2002) – Ten girls developed seizures and other symptoms at a rural North Carolinian high school. Symptoms persisted for five months across various grade levels. Incidents tended to happen outside of class, with half of all incidents estimated to have occurred around lunch hour. Half of the affected were cheerleaders or former cheerleaders.[19][48]
  • "Strawberries with Sugar virus" (2006) – In May 2006, an outbreak of the so-dubbed Morangos com Açúcar Virus ('Strawberries with Sugar virus') was reported in Portuguese schools, named after the popular teen girl's show Morangos com Açúcar ('Strawberries With Sugar'). At least 300 students at 14 schools reported similar symptoms to those experienced by the characters in a then recent episode where a life-threatening virus affected the school depicted in the show.[49] Symptoms included rashes, difficulty breathing, and dizziness. The belief that there was a medical outbreak forced some schools to temporarily close. The Portuguese National Institute for Medical Emergency eventually dismissed the illness as mass hysteria.[49]
  • Mexico City (2006–2007) – Between October 2006 and June 2007,[50] near Chalco, a working-class suburb of Mexico City, mass hysteria resulted in an outbreak of unusual symptoms experienced by more than 500 adolescent female students at Children's Village School (Villa de las Ninas), a Catholic boarding-school.[51][52] The affected students had difficulty walking and were feverish and nauseated, some becoming partially paralyzed.[50]
  • Vinton, Virginia (2007) – An outbreak of twitching, headaches and dizziness affected at least nine girls and one teacher at William Byrd High School. The episode lasted for months amid other local public health scares.[53]
  • Tanzania (2008) – In September 2008, 20 girls at a school in Tabora started fainting while taking their final year exams.[54] The mass fainting according to one medical officer, has been linked to neurosis related to the local practice of witchcraft.[55]
  • Afghanistan (2009–) – Starting around 2009, a spate of apparent poisonings at girls' schools across Afghanistan began to be reported, with symptoms including dizziness, fainting, and vomiting. The United Nations, World Health Organization and NATO's International Security Assistance Force carried out investigations of the incidents over multiple years, but never found any evidence of toxins or poisoning in the hundreds of blood, urine, and water samples they tested. The conclusion of the investigators was that the girls had a mass psychogenic illness.[56][57] Despite these findings, Afghan officials often blame the incidents on the Taliban, accusing them of contaminating the school's water supply or using poison gas.[57]
  • Brunei (2010) – In April and May 2010, incidents of mass hysteria occurred at two all-girls secondary schools in Brunei.[58] The most recent notable event happened on the 24 April 2014 in a public secondary school. The phenomenon caused a wave of panic among many parents, educators, and members of the community. Some of the students affected by the phenomenon claimed to have been possessed by spirits, or jinn, displaying histrionic symptoms such as screaming, shaking, fainting, and crying.
  • Le Roy, New York (2011–12) – After 12 high school girls developed Tourette-like symptoms in 2011, their school was tested for toxins, and all other factors for their symptoms were ruled out. The case, and some of the girls and their parents, gained national media attention. In January 2012, several more students and a 36-year-old adult female came forward with similar symptoms. They were all diagnosed with conversion disorder.[59][60]
  • Sri Lanka (2012) – From November 15–20, 2012, incidents of mass hysteria occurred at 15 schools in Sri Lanka. More than 1,900 school children of 15 schools in Sri Lanka and five teachers were treated for a range of symptoms that included skin rashes, vomiting, vertigo, and cough due to allergic reactions believed to be mass hysteria. It originated at the Jinaraja Balika Vidyalaya in Gampola on November 15, 2012, when 1,100 students were admitted to hospital with a range of symptoms that included skin rashes, vomiting, vertigo and coughing. Later, authorities had to close down the school for 3 days. After that on November 16–19 there were more reports of students from other parts of the country showing similar symptoms.[61][unreliable source?]
  • Charlie Charlie panic (2015) – Four teens in Tunja, Colombia, were hospitalized, and several in the Dominican Republic were considered "possessed by Satan" after playing the Charlie Charlie Challenge viral game.[62]
  • 2016 clown sightings – Sightings of people in evil clown costumes in the United States, Canada, and 18 other countries were dismissed as a case of mass hysteria, stating that a fear of clowns (which is common in children and adults) may be an underlying cause.[63] The website Vox likewise claimed that "The Great Clown Panic of 2016 has been perpetuated by pretty much everyone except actual clowns."[64]
  • Recurrent epidemic of mass hysteria in Nepal (2016–2018) – A unique phenomenon of “recurrent epidemic of mass hysteria” was reported from a school of Pyuthan district of western Nepal in 2018. After a 9-year-old school girl developed crying and shouting episodes, quickly other children of the same school were also affected resulting in 47 affected students (37 females, 10 males) in the same day. Since 2016 similar episodes of mass psychogenic illness has been occurring in the same school every year. In 2016, twelve students were affected and in 2017, a total of 18 students of the same school were affected showing various symptoms in a single day. Hence it was thought to be a unique case of recurrent mass hysteria.[65][66]
  • Havana syndrome (2016-2023) Idiopathic symptoms experienced mostly abroad by U.S. government officials and military personnel, ranging in severity from pain and ringing in the ears to cognitive dysfunction, were first reported in 2016 by U.S. and Canadian embassy staff in Havana, Cuba. Beginning in 2017, more people, including U.S. intelligence and military personnel and their families, reported having these symptoms in places around the world including in Washington, D.C. Many U.S. federal government officials and agencies blamed the reported illnesses on attacks by unidentified foreign agents using unknown weaponry. In March 2023, seven U.S. intelligence agencies completed a review of the proposed cases and reported that "available intelligence consistently points against the involvement of US adversaries in causing the reported incidents" and that a foreign adversary's involvement was "very unlikely".
  • Emirates Flight 203 (September 2018) – 106 of 521 passengers on a 14-hour flight from Dubai to New York reported symptoms including coughing, sneezing, fever, or vomiting. The pilot notified airport ground staff, and personnel from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention met and quarantined the plane in New York and evaluated passengers, 11 of whom were sent to the hospital. A few passengers on the "flight from hell" turned out to have common colds or flu, with the other passengers coming to the belief that they were also sick after observing those around them.[67][68]
  • Ketereh, Malaysia (2019) – In August 2019, the BBC reported that schoolgirls at the Ketereh national secondary school (SMK Ketereh) in Kelantan, started screaming, with some claiming to have seen 'a face of pure evil'. Professor Simon Wessely a former president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, suggested it was a form of 'collective behaviour'. Robert Bartholomew, a medical sociologist, suggested it was due to the stricter implementation of Islamic law in the school. The school responded to the outbreak by cutting down the trees around the school, believing they were home to supernatural spirits.[69]
  • Starehe Girls' Centre, Kenya (October 2019) – 52 students were isolated with an unknown disease, showing symptoms of a high-pitched cough, sneezing and low-grade fever, a number that later rose to 68.[70] As the number rose, the school's administration shut the school down and instructed parents to pick up their daughters. Specimens collected from the affected students showed only two cases of rhinovirus, a virus that is the predominant cause of the common cold. After carrying out psychological assessments on the students, a team of mental health specialists dispatched by Kenya's Ministry of Health to the school concluded that the 'mysterious' disease was a case of mass hysteria.
  • Iranian schoolgirls mass poisoning reports (2022-2023) A series of alleged chemical attacks during which students in dozens of schools in Iran were reportedly poisoned in various and undetermined manners by unidentified perpetrators. These events started in November 2022 and reports of thousands of students being poisoned in ongoing assaults were claimed to have occurred in the following months. Mass psychogenic illness has been identified as a possible cause of the incidents.
  • School and university shooting threats in Brazil (2023)- after the Blumenau school attack in Blumenau, in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina and the Thomazia Montoro school shooting in São Paulo, a wave of threats against education centres throughout Brazil occurred, with many schools and universities being closed and students refusing to go to those vicinities or parents not allowing their children to go to school. While some of these threats were real, most of them turned out to be hoaxes motivated by mass hysteria.[71][72][73]
  • Musoli, Kenya (2023) In October of 2023, over 100 students from the St. Theresa’s Eregi Girls’ High School were hospitalized due to rapid and involuntary arm and leg movement, sometimes accompanied by headaches and vertigo. Routine medical tests revealed nothing unusual, and there were no signs of infectious disease as a cause. Ultimately it was decided that the events were caused by “stress due to upcoming exams” and the incident was determined to be an incident of “hysteria”.[74] Due to the determination of collective stress as the cause, medical sociologist Robert Bartholomew favors the neutral term mass psychogenic illness over mass hysteria. This is because people respond more favorably to a diagnosis of stress induced symptoms than to a diagnosis of mass hysteria. Bartholomew notes such outbreaks are not unusual in schools in the developing world. This is particularly true in schools in which discipline is tight and accompanied with cultural strain between administrators and students. An outbreak can be preceded by months of such tension, which then results in physical symptoms such as seen in Musoli. Far from faking it, “Under such prolonged stress, the nerves and neurons that send messages to the brain become disrupted, resulting in an array of neurological symptoms such as twitching, shaking, convulsions, and trance-like states.” Bartholomew further observes that school-stress borne illness such as occurred here have not been uncommon in Africa since the 1960s. Some appear to be due to Christian missionary schools largely ignoring local traditions and mythologies. Instead, such schools impart their own mythologies and culture. This may create overwhelming anxiety due to the students being taught one thing at home, such as ancestor worship, which is then forbidden at a Christian mythology based school. Other such outbreaks have similar tradition based causes, such as a 1995 outbreak of “bouts of screaming, crying, foaming at the mouth, and partial paralysis” in over 600 girls at an African Muslim school in Northern Nigeria. This outbreak was surmised to be due to expectations of traditional arranged marriage, colliding with modernity’s emphasis on romantic love that the students had observed in movies. The difference between these two cases of mass psychogenic illness reinforces that each outbreak needs to be evaluated in the specific circumstances in which it occurred, as such instances are “never spontaneous reactions to stress per se; they are always couched in some unique context.”[75]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wolf, M. (1976). Witchcraft and Mass Hysteria in Terms of Current Psychological Theories, (are caused by the use of medical/experimental delusions). Journal of Practical Nursing and Mental Health Services 14: 23–28.
  2. ^ Bartholomew, Robert E. (2001). Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-Hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Delusion. McFarland & Company.
  3. ^ Bartholomew, Robert E.; Wesley, Simon (2002). "Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness: From possessed nuns to chemical and biological terrorism fears". British Journal of Psychiatry. 180 (4). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 300–306. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.4.300. PMID 11925351. Mass sociogenic illness mirrors prominent social concerns, changing in relation to context and circumstance (including hysteria from the topic at hands). Prior to the 1900, reports are dominated by episodes of motor symptom's typified by de-sociation, hormonics and psychologist agitated and incubated in an environment of preexisting tension. Nineteenth-century reports feature anxiety symptoms that are triggered by sudden exposure to an anxiety-generating agent (chemicals), most commonly an variety of food poisoning rumours.
  4. ^ Waller, John (18 September 2008). "Falling down". The Guardian. London. The recent outbreak of fainting in a school in Tanzania bears all the hallmarks of mass hysteria, says John Waller. But what causes it and why is it still happening around the world today?
  5. ^ Bartholomew, Robert E.; Erich Goode (May–June 2000). "Mass Delusions and Hysterias: Highlights from the Past Millennium". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 24 (3). Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  6. ^ Mass, Weir E. "Mass sociogenic- illness." CMAJ 172 (2005): 36. Web. 14 Dec. 2009.
  7. ^ Zimmermann, Johann Georg (1784). Über die Einsamkeit (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Weidmanns Erben und Reich. pp. 71–73.
  8. ^ Hecker, J. F. (1844). The Epidemics of the Middle Ages (First ed.). p. 118.
  9. ^ Jones, George Hilton (1982). "The Irish Fright of 1688: Real Violence and Imagined Massacre". Historical Research. 55 (132): 148–153. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1982.tb01154.x. ISSN 0950-3471.
  10. ^ "Salem Witch Trials". Archived from the original on 21 May 2001.
  11. ^ Trask, Richard B. (2013), The Witchcraft Delusion: A Brief Guide, Danvers Archival Center
  12. ^ Adams, G. (2009), The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America, University of Chicago Press
  13. ^ "Dancing plagues and mass hysteria". July 31, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  14. ^ Chang, Shih-Ying (1 December 2009). "清末民初的剪辮風潮及其所反映的社會心態" [Queue-Cutting Panic and Related Social Attitudes in Early Twentieth-century China]. 國史館館刊 (22): 1–56. doi:10.7058/TAHJ.200912.0001.
  15. ^ John Merriman (1996). A History of Modern Europe from the French Revolution to the Present, volume 2, p. 482.
  16. ^ "12 of History's Most Baffling Mass Hysteria Outbreaks". HistoryCollection.com. 2017-11-28. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  17. ^ David Cordingly, "Lives and Times: Spring-Heeled Jack", The Scotsman 7 October 2006. Excerpted from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  18. ^ Rupert Mann, "Spring Heeled Jack", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004; ISBN 0-19-861411-X).
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Bartholomew, Robert E.; Rickard, Bob (2014). Mass Hysteria in Schools: A Worldwide History Since 1566. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476614267.
  20. ^ "The Real Secrets of Fatima". www.csicop.org. November 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  21. ^ a b "Life's Like That".
  22. ^ BBC. "Radio 4 Making History".
  23. ^ Memmott, Mark (30 October 2013). "75 Years Ago, 'War Of The Worlds' Started A Panic. Or Did It?". NPR.
  24. ^ How UFO Reports Change With the Technology of the Times | Smithsonian Magazine
  25. ^ Fedler, Fred (1989). Media Hoaxes. Iowa State University Press. ISBN 9780813811178.
  26. ^ "American Notes & Queries". 1947.
  27. ^ MacDougall, Curtis D. (1969). Understanding Public Opinion: A Guide for Newspapermen and Newspaper Readers. WM. Brown. ISBN 9780697043306.
  28. ^ Berg, Jerome S. (20 September 2013). The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945. McFarland. ISBN 9780786474110.
  29. ^ "Radio Heritage Foundation - WVTR's Sea Monster".
  30. ^ a b Provine, Robert R. (January–February 1996). "Laughter". American Scientist. 84 (1): 38–47.
  31. ^ Rankin, A.M.; Philip, P.J. (May 1963). "An epidemic of laughing in the Bukoba district of Tanganyika". Central African Journal of Medicine. 9: 167–170. PMID 13973013.
  32. ^ a b "Laughter". Radiolab. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  33. ^ Alan C. Kerckhoff & Kurt W. Back (1968) The June Bug: a study of hysterical contagion, Appleton-Century-Crofts
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Moss, P. D. and C. P. McEvedy. "An epidemic of overbreathing among schoolgirls." British Medical Journal 2(5525) (1966): 1295–1300. Web. 17 Dec. 2009.
  35. ^ "Mass hysteria hits Malaysian school". Asian Economic News. Kuala Lumpur. Kyodo. July 16, 2001. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  36. ^ http://smj.sma.org.sg/1604/1604smj11.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  37. ^ Ong, Aihwa (Feb 1988). "The Production of Possession: Spirits and the Multinational Corporation in Malaysia". American Ethnologist. Medical Anthropology. 15 (1). University of California, Berkeley: Blackwell Publishing: 28–42. doi:10.1525/ae.1988.15.1.02a00030. JSTOR 645484. S2CID 30121345.
  38. ^ David K. Shipler (April 4, 1983). "More Schoolgirls in West Bank Fall Sick". The New York Times. Jerusalem. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
  39. ^ "Ailing Schoolgirls". Time. Apr 18, 1983. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  40. ^ "Innocence Lost, The Plea". Frontline. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  41. ^ Miller, L (2001-07-06). "Parole Board recommends Amirault's commutation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2007-11-04. Retrieved 2007-10-31. The Amiraults always insisted they were innocent, the victims of a sex-abuse hysteria that swept the country in the 1980s and questionable testimony from child witnesses.
  42. ^ "117 of Ill Recruits Returned to Base". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1988. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  43. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Chronology for Kosovo Albanians in Yugoslavia". Refworld.
  44. ^ Radovanović, Zoran. 1996. "On the origin of mass casualty incidents in Kosovo, in 1990." European Journal of Epidemiology 12.
  45. ^ Radford, Benjamin; Bartholomew, Robert PhD (February 2001), "Pokémon Contagion: Photosensitive Epilepsy or Mass Psychogenic Illness?", Southern Medical Journal, 94 (2): 197–204, doi:10.1097/00007611-200194020-00005, ISSN 0038-4348, OCLC 1766196, PMID 11235034, retrieved April 25, 2019
  46. ^ Goodhart, Benjie (16 December 2022). "'There was an explosion, and I had to close my eyes': how TV left 12,000 children needing a doctor'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023. The condition is perhaps best understood as the placebo effect in reverse. People can make themselves ill from an idea
  47. ^ Dillner, Luisa (6 July 1999). "A case of mass hysteria". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  48. ^ "Episodic Neurological Dysfunction Due to Mass Hysteria" (PDF). February 24, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  49. ^ a b "Teenagers hit by soap opera virus". CNN-IBN. May 19, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  50. ^ a b Hernandez, Daniel (20 May 2020). "The haunting of Girlstown". Vox. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  51. ^ Malkin, Elisabeth (April 16, 2007). "Mysterious illness strikes teenage girls in Mexico". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  52. ^ Zavala, Nashyiela Loa (2010). "The expulsion of evil and its return: An unconscious fantasy associated with a case of mass hysteria in adolescents". International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 91 (5): 1157–78. doi:10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00322.x. PMID 20955250.
  53. ^ Bartholomew, Robert E.; Rickard, Bob (2014). Mass Hysteria in Schools: A Worldwide History Since 1566. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476614267. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  54. ^ BBC News: Mass fainting in Tanzanian exam
  55. ^ BBC News: Parents angry at mystery fainting
  56. ^ "Poisonings' at Afghan girls' schools likely mass hysteria – not Taliban, says report". 4 July 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  57. ^ a b "Are the Taliban Poisoning Afghan Schoolgirls? The Evidence". Newsweek. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  58. ^ Bandial, Quratul-Ain (May 13, 2010). "Mass hysteria: product of 'jinn' or anxiety?". The Brunei Times. Brunei-Muara. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  59. ^ "12 girls at NY high school develop involuntary tics". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23.
  60. ^ McGowan, Kate (2012-01-29). "LeRoy Woman Discloses 'Conversion Disorder', Talks Exclusively to YNN". YNN. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  61. ^ "Sri Lanka Mass Hysteria at Schools".
  62. ^ "'Charlie Charlie' game summoning Mexican demon goes viral, causing damage real and fake".
  63. ^ Angela Chen (7 October 2016). "The 2016 clown panic: 10 questions asked and answered". theverge.com. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  64. ^ Aja Romano (12 October 2016). "The great clown panic of 2016 is a hoax. But the terrifying side of clowns is real". vox.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  65. ^ "४८ विद्यार्थीमा मास हिस्टेरिया भएपछि एक महिनाका लागि विद्यालय बन्द". swasthyakhabar.com/. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  66. ^ Poudel, Reet; Aich, Tapas Kumar; Bhandary, Krishma; Thapa, Dipendra; Giri, Rajesh (2020-05-01). "Recurrent mass hysteria in schoolchildren in Western Nepal". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 62 (3): 316–319. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_571_19. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 7368451. PMID 32773876.
  67. ^ "A Flight Carrying Sick Passengers Was Quarantined In New York". BuzzFeed News. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-05-07.
  68. ^ On the Media – Plague of Suspicion
  69. ^ Chen, Heather (11 August 2019). "The mystery of screaming schoolgirls in Malaysia". BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  70. ^ Agutu, Nancy (4 October 2019). "Starehe girls diagnosed with mass hysteria". The Star. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  71. ^ "Escolas do DF reforçam segurança após ameaças de ataques nas redes sociais".
  72. ^ "Onda de boatos, ameaças e medo atinge escolas após ataques em SP e SC". 13 April 2023.
  73. ^ "Ataque a escolas: Boatos viralizam no WhatsApp e criam pânico entre pais". 12 April 2023.
  74. ^ Makokha, Shaban (October 6, 2023). "Eregi students suffered from hysteria, Health officials rule". Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  75. ^ Bartholomew, Robert (October 10, 2023). "The Spectres That Haunt Africa: Strange Ailments in Kenya Sets Social Media Alight". Skeptic.com. Retrieved 3 March 2024.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mass_panic_cases&oldid=1254143938"