The mass murders in Tykocin occurred on 25 August 1941, during World War II, where the local Jewish population of Tykocin (Poland) was killed by German Einsatzkommando.
Background
The town of Tykocin was conquered by Nazi Germany during the Soviet and German invasion of Poland pursuant to their secret agreement known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. At the end of September 1939, the area was transferred by the Nazis to the Soviet Union in accordance with the German–Soviet Boundary Treaty. In June 1941, the town was taken by the Germans in Operation Barbarossa.[1][better source needed]
The Germans initially bypassed the town; local Poles affiliated with the National Democracy (Endecja) movement who prior to the war had organized boycotts of Jews prior to the war engaged in systematic looting of the Jewish homes in the town.[2][3]
According to the testimony of survivor Menachem Turek, the Germans installed Jan Fibich, a local ethnic German, as mayor. Fibich, aided by Edmund Wiśniewski, prepared a list of alleged Jewish communists, which included almost all of the Jewish youth.[1]
Massacre
On the morning of 24 August, the Germans announced that Jews should report the next day to the town square. At the time there were approximately 1,400 Jews in Tykocin. On 25 August the Jews were rounded up in the square by the Germans with help from Polish police. In order to placate the crowd the Germans told the Jews that they were going to be transported to Białystok Ghetto. The men were marched to a nearby village and from there taken in trucks to the pits in Łopuchowo forest, and murdered. The women and infirm were driven by truck to the pits and murdered. The old, infirm, and other people who did not show up on 25 August, some 700 in total, were driven to the pits on 26 August and shot.[4][5][6][non-primary source needed]
In a West German investigation, a Jewish witness identified SS-Obersturmführer Hermann Schaper, who commanded SS Einsatzkommando, as the man directing the shootings.[7]
Some 150 Jews managed to escape the massacre, however most were handed over to the Germans. Some reached Białystok Ghetto, and shared the fate of the Jews there.[8]
Commemoration
At the site of the massacre in the forest there are four monuments. The first, a communist era Polish monument, contains no reference to Jews. The second and third were erected by American Jews. The fourth, erected due to the efforts of Abraham Kapice, is in the shape of the Star of David and inscribed in Hebrew so that Israeli school children will be able to read it.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b Menachem Turek, "Życie i zagłada Żydów w Tykocinie podczas niemieckiej okupacji" Archiwum Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego. Translated by Sylwia Szymańska
- ^ Bikont, Anna (2001). "Neighbours". Index on Censorship. 30 (3): 76–83. doi:10.1080/03064228908536944.
- ^ "Tykocin," translated from Yiddish by Stan Goodman, no name of author; original published by Pinkas haKehilot branch of Yad Vashem
- ^ (in Polish) Gmina Tykocin. Temat: Tykocin, Lopuchowo, at mieszas.republika.pl; also at Tykocin na mapie polskich judaików, at www.kirkuty.xip.pl
- ^ Łopuchowo - the place of execution and burial of Holocaust's victims, Virtual Shtetl
- ^ טיקוצ'ין TYKOCIN, Poland Moreshet Center
- ^ Rossino, Alexander B. (2003-11-01). ""Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."". In Steinlauf, Michael C.; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30. ISBN 978-1-909821-67-5. JSTOR j.ctv1rmk6w.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, NYU Press, Shmuel Spector &Geoffrey Wigoder, 2001, ISBN 0-8147-9356-8, pp. 1352-1353
- ^ Jackie Feldman, Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag Published by Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford, 2008, pages 118-9.