Around 190 immigrants of Spanish origin, most of them day labourers working in the esparto harvest, were killed on 11 June 1881 in French Algeria (in the countryside around Saïda) by members of the insurgent movement led by Bou-Amama.[n. 1]
| Khalfallah massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of Mokrani Revolt | |
 Disembarkation of repatriated Spaniards in the port of Cartagena (published in July 1881 in La Ilustración Española y Americana). | |
| Location | Khalfallah, Saïda, French Algeria |
| Date | 11 June 1881 |
| Target | Spanish immigrant workers |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | ~190 |
| Perpetrators | Insurgents led by Bou-Amama |
| Motive | Resistance against French occupation |
Development
editThe Franco-Algerian Company hired day labourers across the impoverished Spanish South-East to work in the esparto harvest in Algeria offering passage and travel to their families,[1] although eventually day labourers were forced to pay for their travel and to buy their food at a company's store.[2] Following the outbreak of a rebellion in Tunisia, the instability moved to Algeria in late April 1881, with Bou-Amama taking the lead of the movement against the French occupation.[3] Then, on 11 June 1881, following the seizure of Khalfallah by insurgents, around 190 Spanish esparto harvesters (most of them from Almería, and the rest from Murcia and Alicante)[2] were put to the sword in Khalfallah, in the surroundings of Saïda (to the south of Oran),[4] whereas many of their wives were raped, while the attackers also made 600 hostages and set 100,000 quintals of esparto on fire.[5] News about the event arrived to Oran (17 June) and then Spain (18 June).[6][7][2] For the rest of June and July many naked and hungry Spaniards moved to Oran to get a passage back to Almería.[8][2] About 10,000 immigrants were repatriated to Spain.[7]
Bibliography
edit- Notes
- ^ The massacre has been both referred as "Massacre de Khalfallah" in French (Vilar Ramírez 1983, p. 279) or as "matanza de Saida" (Montes Bernárdez 2011, p. 129; Pérez Artés 2016, p. 16) in Spanish.
- Citations
- ^ Montes Bernárdez 2011, p. 120.
- ^ a b c d Botías, Antonio (17 December 2017). "Los murcianos que fueron pasados a cuchillo en Orán". La Verdad.
- ^ Montes Bernárdez 2011, p. 121.
- ^ Moisand 2015, pp. 89–106.
- ^ Montes Bernárdez 2011, pp. 120–123.
- ^ Montes Bernárdez 2011, p. 122.
- ^ a b León, Manuel (7 August 2015). "Los esparteros almerienses que fueron pasados a cuchillo". La Voz de Almería.
- ^ Montes Bernárdez 2011, p. 123–124.
- Bibliography
- Moisand, Jeanne (2015). "Migrant-e-s entre deux empires. Journaliers agricoles espagnols à Cuba et en Algérie dans les années 1880-1890". Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle. 51 (51): 89–106. doi:10.4000/rh19.4925.
- Montes Bernárdez, Ricardo (2011). "La matanza de almerienses, murcianos y alicantinos en Khalfalah (Saida, Argelia), en 1881" (PDF). Murgetana (124). Murcia: Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio: 119–132. ISSN 0213-0939.
- Pérez Artés, María del Carmen (2016). "El éxodo almeriense: entendiendo la emigración española finisecular" (PDF). Documentos de Trabajo. Asociación Española de Historia Económica. ISSN 2174-4912.
- Vilar Ramírez, Juan Bautista (1983). "Quelques conséquences en Espagne du soulèvement Algérien de 1881 (dans les courants migratoires hispano-algériens et dans relations hispano-françaises)" (PDF). Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez. 19. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez: 275–291. ISSN 2173-1306.