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Mazar-i-Sharif

(Redirected from Mazar-e-Sherif)
For other uses, see Mazar (disambiguation).

Mazar-i-Sharīf (/məˈzæri ʃəˈriːf/ mə-ZARR-ee shə-REEF; Dari and Pashto: مزار شریف), also known as Mazar-e Sharīf or simply Mazar, is the third-largest city in Afghanistan by population, with an estimated 500,207 residents in 2021.[1] It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by highways with Kunduz in the east, Kabul in the southeast, Herat in the southwest and Termez, Uzbekistan in the north. It is about 55 km (34 mi) from the Uzbek border. The city is also a tourist attraction because of its famous shrines as well as the Islamic and Hellenistic archeological sites. The ancient city of Balkh is also nearby.

Mazar-i-Sharīf
City
مزار شریف
Mazar-i-Sharif is located in Afghanistan
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharif
Location in Afghanistan
Mazar-i-Sharif is located in Bactria
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharif (Bactria)
Mazar-i-Sharif is located in West and Central Asia
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharif (West and Central Asia)
Coordinates: 36°42′N 67°07′E / 36.700°N 67.117°E / 36.700; 67.117
Country Afghanistan
ProvinceBalkh
DistrictNahri Shahi
Government
 • MayorAbdullhaq Khurami
Area
 • Land83 km2 (32 sq mi)
Elevation
357 m (1,171 ft)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2021)
500,207[1]
Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Standard Time)
ClimateBSk

The region around Mazar-i-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanids, Timurids, and Khanate of Bukhara until 1751 when it became part of the Durrani Empire (although under autonomous emirs). Eventually the city passed to a few local rulers before becoming part of Afghanistan in 1849.

Mazar-i-Sharif is the regional hub of northern Afghanistan, located in close proximity to both Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. It is also home to an international airport. It has the highest percentage of built-up land (91%)[2] of all the Afghan provincial capitals, and it has additional built-up area extending beyond the municipal boundary but forming a part of the larger urban area. It is also the lowest-lying major city in the country, about 357 metres (1,171 ft) above sea level. The city was spared the devastation that occurred in the country's other large cities during the Soviet–Afghan War and subsequent civil war, and was long regarded as one of the safest cities in the country.[3]

On 14 August 2021, Mazar-i-Sharif was seized by Taliban fighters, becoming the twenty-fifth provincial capital to be captured by the Taliban as part of the wider 2021 Taliban offensive.

Etymology

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The name Mazar-i-Sharif means "tomb of the saint", a reference to the tomb of Ali, cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The tomb is housed in the large, blue-tiled sanctuary and mosque in the center of the city known as the Shrine of Ali or the Blue Mosque.[4]

History

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Ancient period

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The Achaemenids controlled the region from the sixth century BCE. Alexander the Great conquered the area but it was then incorporated into the Seleucid Empire after his death. The decline of the Seleucids consequently led to the emergence of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. Around 130 BCE, the Sakas occupied the region and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom fell. The Yuezhi took Mazar-i-Sharif and the surrounding area which led to the creation of the Kushan Empire. The Sasanians subsequently controlled the area after the fall of the Kushans. The Islamic conquests reached Mazar-i-Sharif in 651 CE.[5]

9th century until 1919

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The region around Mazar-i-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanids, Timurids, and Khanate of Bukhara.

 
Mazar-i-Sharif & surroundings from ISS, 2016

The poet Jalal al-Din Rumi was born somewhere in this area. His father Baha' Walad was descended from the first caliph Abu Bakr.

The Seljuk sultan Ahmed Sanjar ordered a city and shrine to be built on the location, which was later destroyed by Genghis Khan and his Mongol army in the 13th century, and then rebuilt. During the nineteenth century, due to the absence of drainage systems and the weak economy of the region, the excess water of this area flooded many acres of the land in the vicinity of residential areas causing a malaria epidemic in the region. The ruler of North Central Afghanistan decided to move the capital to Mazar-i-Sharif.[6]

The city along with the region south of the Amu Darya became part of the Durrani Empire in around 1751. For the most part the region was controlled by autonomous Uzbek rulers). After the Bukharan-Durrani war of 1788–1790, Qilich Ali Beg of Khulm formed a mini-empire stretching from Balkh to Aybak, Saighan, Kahmard, Darra-i Suf, and Qunduz.[7] When he died in 1817, the Balkh and Mazar-i Sharif region became an independent city state with Aqcha as its dependency. In November 1837 the Bukharans conquered the city but Balkh was still able to retain autonomy.[8][9] In 1849 the city was conquered and annexed into Afghanistan.

Late 20th century

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During the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War, Mazar-i-Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army as they used its airport to launch air strikes on mujahideen rebels. Mazar-i-Sharif was also the main city that linked to Soviet territory in the north, especially the roads leading to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. As a garrison for the Soviet-backed Afghan Army, the city was under the command of General Abdul Rashid Dostum. Mujahideen militias Hezbe Wahdat and Jamiat-e Islami both attempted to contest the city but were repelled by the Army. Dostum mutinied against Mohammad Najibullah's government on March 19, 1992, shortly before its collapse, and formed his new party and militia, Junbish-e Milli. The party took over the city the next day. Afterwards Mazar-i-Sharif became the de facto capital of a relatively stable and secular proto-state in northern Afghanistan under the rule of Dostum. The city remained peaceful and prosperous, whilst rest of the nation disintegrated and was slowly taken over by fundamentalist Taliban forces.[10] The city was called at the time a "glittering jewel in Afghanistan's battered crown". Money rolled in from foreign donors Russia, Turkey, newly independent Uzbekistan and others, with whom Dostum had established close relations.[11] He printed his own currency for the region and established his own airline. The city remained relatively liberal as Kabul previously was, where activities such as coeducational schools and betting was legal as opposed to the Taliban dominated regions in the south of the country.[12]

This peace was shattered in May 1997 when he was betrayed by one of his generals, warlord Abdul Malik Pahlawan who allied himself with the Taliban, forcing him to flee from Mazar-i-Sharif as the Taliban were getting ready to take the city through Pahlawan. Afterwards Pahlawan himself mutinied the Taliban on the deal and it was reported that between May and July 1997 that Pahlawan executed thousands of Taliban members, that he personally did many of the killings by slaughtering the prisoners as a revenge for the 1995 death of Abdul Ali Mazari. "He is widely believed to have been responsible for the brutal massacre of up to 3,000 Taliban prisoners after inviting them into Mazar-i-Sharif."[13] Several of the Taliban escaped the slaughtering and reported what had happened. Meanwhile, Dostum came back and took the city again from Pahlawan.

However the Taliban retaliated in 1998 attacking the city and killing an estimated 8,000 non-combatants. At 10 am on 8 August 1998, the Taliban entered the city and for the next two days drove their pickup trucks "up and down the narrow streets of Mazar-i-Sharif shooting to the left and right and killing everything that moved—shop owners, cart pullers, women and children shoppers and even goats and donkeys."[14] More than 8000 noncombatants were reported killed in Mazar-i-Sharif and later in Bamiyan.[15] In addition, the Taliban were criticized for forbidding anyone from burying the corpses for the first six days (contrary to the injunctions of Islam, which demands immediate burial) while the remains rotted in the summer heat and were eaten by dogs.[16] The Taliban also reportedly sought out and massacred members of the Hazara, while in control of Mazar.[14]

Since 2001

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Further information: Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), International Security Assistance Force, and 2021 Taliban offensive

Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Mazar-i-Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the U.S.-backed Northern Alliance (United Front). The Taliban's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into a rout from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan. After the Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif in November 2001, the city was officially captured by forces of the Northern Alliance. They were joined by the United States Special Operations Forces and supported by U.S. Air Force aircraft. As many as 3,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle, and reports also place U.S. ground troops at the scene of the massacre.[17] The Irish documentary Afghan Massacre: The Convoy of Death investigated these allegations. Filmmaker Doran claims that mass graves of thousands of victims were found by United Nations investigators.[18] The Bush administration reportedly blocked investigations into the incident.[19]

 
Camp Marmal, located south of the city next to Mazar-i-Sharif Airport

The city slowly came under the control of the Karzai administration after 2002, which is led by President Hamid Karzai. The 209th Corps (Shaheen) of the Afghan National Army is based at Mazar-i-Sharif, which provides military assistance to northern Afghanistan. The Afghan Border Police headquarters for the Northern Zone is also located in the city. Despite the security put in place, there are reports of Taliban activities and assassinations of tribal elders. Officials in Mazar-i-Sharif reported that between 20 and 30 Afghan tribal elders have been assassinated in Balkh Province in the last several years. There is no conclusive evidence as to who is behind it but majority of the victims are said to have been associated with the Hezb-i Islami political party.[20]

 
Thomas de Maizière, German Minister of Defense, with Balkh Governor Atta Muhammad Nur in 2010
 
U.S. Senator John Kerry at Balkh University in May 2011
 
A carpet seller in Mazar

Small-scale clashes between militias belonging to different commanders persisted throughout 2002, and were the focus of intensive UN peace-brokering and small arms disarmament programme. After some pressure, an office of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission opened an office in Mazar in April 2003. There were reports about northern Pashtun civilians being ethnically cleansed by the other groups, mainly by ethnic Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks.[21]

NATO-led peacekeeping forces in and around the city provided assistance to the Afghan government. ISAF Regional Command North, led by Germany, is stationed at Camp Marmal which lies next to Mazar-i-Sharif Airport. Since 2006, Provincial Reconstruction Team Mazar-i-Sharif had unit commanders from Sweden on loan to ISAF. The unit is stationed at Camp Northern Lights which is located ten kilometres (six miles) west of Camp Marmal. Camp Nidaros, located within Camp Marmal, has soldiers from Latvia and Norway and is led by an ISAF-officer from Norway.

In 2006, the discovery of new Hellenistic remains was announced.[22]

On April 1, 2011, ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city. The demonstration was organized in retaliation to pastors Terry Jones and Wayne Sapp's March 21 Qur'an-burning in Florida, United States.[23] Among the dead were five Nepalis, a Norwegian, Romanian and Swedish nationals, two of them were said to be decapitated.[24][25][26] Terry Jones, the American pastor who was going to burn Islam's Holy Book, denied his responsibility for incitement.[27] President Barack Obama strongly condemned both the Quran burning, calling it an act of "extreme intolerance and bigotry", and the "outrageous" attacks by protesters, referring to them as "an affront to human decency and dignity." "No religion tolerates the slaughter and beheading of innocent people, and there is no justification for such a dishonorable and deplorable act."[28] U.S. legislators, including Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, also condemned both the burning and the violence in reaction to it.[29]

By July 2011 violence grew to a record high in the insurgency.[30] In late July 2011, NATO troops also handed control of Mazar-i-Sharif to local forces amid rising security fears just days after it was hit by a deadly bombing. Mazar-i-Sharif is the sixth of seven areas to transition to Afghan control, but critics say the timing is political and there is skepticism over Afghan abilities to combat the Taliban insurgency.

On 10 November 2016, a suicide attacker rammed a truck bomb into the wall of the German consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif. Eight people were killed and more than a hundred others were injured.[31][32]

On 21 April 2017, a coordinated Taliban attack killed more than 100 people at Camp Shaheen, the Afghan Army base in Mazar-i-Sharif.[33]

In November 2018, VOA reported that 40 houses in Qazil Abad, an immediate suburb of Mazar-i-Sharif, used unexploded Soviet Grad surface-to-surface rockets as construction materials. As a result, several people were killed and wounded from explosions over the years. These rockets, left behind by the Soviet Army in 1989 at the end of the Soviet–Afghan War, were used as cheap building materials by the poor residents of the village. It was estimated that over 400 rockets were incorporated into the village as wall and ceiling beams, door-stoppers, and even footbridges used by children. When the rest of the world discovered this fact, the Danish demining group of the Danish Refugee Council visited the village and, after asking the residents, began demining and rebuilding the village, safely removing and disposing of the rockets through controlled detonation at the border with Uzbekistan.[34][35][36]

President Ghani visited the city on 11 August 2021 to rally local warlords to fight the Taliban.[37] On 14 August, the Taliban captured Mazar-i-Sharif along with Sharana and Asadabad, the provincial capitals of Paktika and Kunar provinces respectively.[38][39][40] Local government forces and regional leaders Abdul Rashid Dostum and Atta Mohammad Noor fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.[41]

On 21 April 2022, Islamic State – Khorasan Province killed 31 people by bombing a Shia mosque. A week later, 11 people were killed in a double bombing.

Mazar-i-Sharif is also known for the Afghan song Bia ke berem ba Mazar (Come let's go to Mazar) by Sarban.[42]

Geography

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Climate

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Mazar-i-Sharif has a cold steppe climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation is low and mostly falls between December and April. The climate in Mazar-i-Sharif is very hot during the summer with daily temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) from June to August. The winters are cold with temperatures falling below freezing; it may snow from November through March.[43]

Climate data for Mazar-i-Sharif
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 		28.6
(83.5) 		32.4
(90.3) 		37.8
(100.0) 		43.0
(109.4) 		45.6
(114.1) 		48.1
(118.6) 		46.0
(114.8) 		39.5
(103.1) 		37.0
(98.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		48.1
(118.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		36.9
(98.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		24.7
(76.5) 		16.4
(61.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		23.9
(75.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		5.1
(41.2) 		17.4
(63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		11.1
(51.9)
Record low °C (°F) −22.3
(−8.1) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−24.0
(−11.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.9
(1.14) 		34.8
(1.37) 		43.8
(1.72) 		28.3
(1.11) 		11.2
(0.44) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.00) 		3.9
(0.15) 		13.5
(0.53) 		21.7
(0.85) 		186.4
(7.32)
Average rainy days 4 7 10 9 4 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 46
Average snowy days 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10
Average relative humidity (%) 79 77 72 64 44 27 25 24 28 41 62 75 52
Mean monthly sunshine hours 122.2 118.4 158.1 193.8 299.9 352.9 364.4 332.7 298.2 223.2 173.6 125.5 2,762.9
Source: NOAA (1959–1983)[44]

Demographics

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Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan
 
Locals of Mazar-i-Sharif enjoying rides at a small family amusement park in 2012

The city of Mazar-i-Sharif has a total population of 500,207,[1] and is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan by population.[45] It has a total land area of 8,304 Hectares with 77,615 total number of dwellings.[46]

The November 2003 issue of National Geographic magazine indicated the ethnic composition as Pashtuns 15%, Hazaras 12%, Tajiks 53%, Turkmens 10%, and Uzbeks 20%.[47] Occasional ethnic violence has been reported in the region in the last decades, mainly between Pashtuns and the other groups.[21][48][49][50] In 2011 news reports mentioned assassinations taking place in the area but with no evidence as to who is behind them.[20]

The dominant language in Mazar-i-Sharif is Persian, followed by Pashto, and Uzbek.

Economy

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Further information: Economy of Afghanistan
 
Store in Mazar-i-Sharif with Russian name in Cyrillic

Mazar-i-Sharif serves as the major trading center in northern Afghanistan. The local economy is dominated by trade, agriculture and Karakul sheep farming. Small-scale oil and gas exploitation have also boosted the city's prospects. It is also the location of consulates of India and Pakistan for trading and political links.[51][52]

Main sights

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The modern city of Mazar-i Sharif is centred around the Shrine of Ali. Much restored, it is one of Afghanistan's most glorious monuments. Outside Mazar-i Sharif lies the ancient city of Balkh. The city is a centre for the traditional buzkashi sport, and the Blue Mosque is the focus of northern Afghanistan's Nowruz celebration. Although most Muslims believe that the real grave of Ali is found within Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq, others still come to Mazar-i-Sharif to pay respect.

 
An American C-5 Galaxy at Mazar-i-Sharif Airport
 
The Blue Mosque is a destination for pilgrims.
 
Governor's Palace
 
Mazar-i-Sharif Gate under construction (July 2012)

Sports

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Professional sports teams from Mazar-i-Sharif
Club League Sport Venue Established
Balkh Legends Afghanistan Premier League Cricket Sharjah Cricket Stadium 2018
Amo Sharks Shpageeza Cricket League Cricket Balkh Cricket Stadium 2013
Simorgh Alborz F.C. Afghan Premier League Football Balkh Ground 2012

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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Further information: Transport in Afghanistan

Rail

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Railway terminal

It became the first city in Afghanistan to connect itself by rail with a neighboring country. Rail service from Mazar-i-Sharif to Uzbekistan began in December 2011 and cargo on freight trains arrive at a station near Mazar-i-Sharif Airport,[54] where the goods are reloaded onto trucks or airplanes and sent to their last destinations across Afghanistan.

Air

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As of June 2016 Mazar-i-Sharif Airport has direct air connections to Kabul, Mashad, Tehran, and Istanbul.

Road

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Highway AH76 links Mazar-i-Sharif to Sheberghan in the west, and Pul-e Khomri and Kabul to the south-east. Roads to the east link it to Kunduz. Roads to the north link it to the Uzbek border town Termez, where it becomes highway M39 going north to Samarkand and Tashkent. Roads to the south link it to Bamiyan Province and the mountainous range of central Afghanistan.

Notable people

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Twin towns and sister cities

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021–22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  2. ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  3. ^ Boone, Jon (2 April 2011). "Afghanistan: when gentle Mazar-e-Sharif erupted in violence". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  4. ^ "The heartbreak of Mazar-e-Sharif". CBC. January 27, 2004. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013.
  5. ^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 578–579. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
  6. ^ Daud Saba (1998). "Balkh: The Land of Hopes". www.afghanmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2001. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  7. ^ Noelle, Christine (2012-06-25). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
  8. ^ Noelle, Christine (2012-06-25). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
  9. ^ Lee, Jonathan L. (1996-01-01). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3.
  10. ^ The Last Warlord: The Life and Legend of Dostum, the Afghan Warrior Who Led US Special Forces to Topple the Taliban Regime by Brian Glyn Williams, 2013
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  12. ^ Recknagel, Charles (9 April 2008). "Afghanistan: Taliban Tries To Consolidate Hold On Rebel Stronghold". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
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  14. ^ a b Rashid,Taliban (2000), p.73.
  15. ^ Goodson, Afghanistan's Endless War, (2001), p.79.
  16. ^ THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF, THE FIRST DAY OF THE TAKEOVER.
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  23. ^ "AFP: Koran burnt in Florida church". Google News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  24. ^ "UN staff killed during protest in northern Afghanistan". BBC News. April 1, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
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  27. ^ "Pastor Terry Jones: 'We are not responsible'". BBC News. April 1, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  28. ^ "Obama condemns Quran burning 'bigotry'", Dawn, 3 April 2011 Archived April 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ US Legislators Condemn Quran Burning, Violent Reaction Archived 2011-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, Voice of America, 3 April 2011
  30. ^ Enayat Najafizada (July 23, 2011). "NATO hands control of Mazar-i-Sharif to Afghans". AFP. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  31. ^ "German consulate in Afghanistan". Fox News. Associated Press. 10 November 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  32. ^ Fahim, Hamid. "Taliban attack German consulate in Afghanistan's Mazar-i-Sharif". yahoo.com. Agence France-Presse (AFP). Retrieved November 10, 2016.
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  34. ^ Mirwais Bezhan; Mohammad Habibzada (6 December 2018). "Afghan Village Uses Live Rockets to Build Homes, Bridges". VOA.
  35. ^ "The village built from missiles". BBC News.
  36. ^ "BBC World Service – The Fifth Floor, The village made of missiles". BBC. 18 January 2019.
  37. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban attack Mazar-e-Sharif — live updates". Deutsche Welle. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
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  42. ^ "On Tour in Afghanistan, Part 1: On the Highway from Kabul to Mazar-i-Sharif – Qantara.de". qantara.de. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  43. ^ "First snow of this winter covered North Afghanistan". Mazar-i-Sharif. Ariana News. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-01-25. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  44. ^ "Mazar-i-Sharif Climate Normals 1959–1983". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  45. ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  46. ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  47. ^ "2003 National Geographic Population Map" (PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. November 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  48. ^ Recknagel, Charles (March 14, 2002). "UN Condemns Attacks On Ethnic Pashtuns". hewad.com. Prague: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  49. ^ "Pashtuns attacked in brutal raids by rival ethnic groups". Guardian News. buzzle.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 2005-02-09. Retrieved 2011-04-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  50. ^ "Afghanistan: Situation in, or around, Aqcha (Jawzjan province) including predominant tribal/ethnic group and who is currently in control". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada/UNHCR. February 1, 1999. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  51. ^ "Mazar-e-Sharif Consular Affairs – Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of Pakistan.
  52. ^ "Consulates: Mazar-e-Sharif". Embassies of India.
  53. ^ "پارک تفریحی شهرک خالد ابن رسانه". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.
  54. ^ "Afghan railway: First train runs on new line in north". BBC News. December 21, 2011.
  55. ^ Hencke, Gerrit (2018-05-15). "Hamburg: Vor zehn Jahren starb Morsal Obeidi". Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag (in German). Retrieved 2019-11-30. Morsal Obeidi wurde am 7. September 1991 in Masar-e Scharif[...]
  56. ^ Gutsch, Jochen-Martin [in German]; Per Hinrichs; Susanne Koelbl; Gunther Latsch; Sven Röbel; Andreas Ulrich (2008-05-27). "The High Price of Freedom". Der Spiegel. Translated by Christopher Sultan. p. 1. Retrieved 2019-11-30. – Original German version: Gutsch, Jochen-Martin; Hinrichs, Per; Koelbl, Susanne; Latsch, Gunther; Röbel, Sven; Ulrich, Andreas (25 May 2008). "Eigentum des Mannes". Der Spiegel. – PDF page.
  57. ^ Gutsch, Jochen-Martin [in German]; Per Hinrichs; Susanne Koelbl; Gunther Latsch; Sven Röbel; Andreas Ulrich (2008-05-27). "The High Price of Freedom". Der Spiegel. Translated by Christopher Sultan. p. 2. Retrieved 2019-11-30. – Original German version: Gutsch, Jochen-Martin; Hinrichs, Per; Koelbl, Susanne; Latsch, Gunther; Röbel, Sven; Ulrich, Andreas (25 May 2008). "Eigentum des Mannes". Der Spiegel. – PDF page

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mazar-e-Sharif.
  •   Mazar-e Sharif travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • "Mezar-i Sharif". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013.
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