The McArthur River mine is a zinc-lead mine,[4] situated about 70 kilometres southwest of Borroloola, near the Gulf of Carpentaria in the northeastern Northern Territory, Australia. It is operated by McArthur River Mining (MRM), a subsidiary of the Swiss mining company Glencore. Although discovered in the 1950s, when it was originally called the HYC or "Here's Your Chance" deposit, it only opened as a mine in 1995. Initially an underground mining operation, the mine has been converted to open-cut.
 The MV Aburri transports mineral concentrate from the port to export vessels | |
| Location | |
|---|---|
  McArthur River mine Location in Australia | |
| Location | Borroloola |
| Territory | Northern Territory |
| Country | Australia |
| Coordinates | 16°25′34.81″S 136°04′38.73″E / 16.4263361°S 136.0774250°E |
| Production | |
| Products | Lead-zinc-silver bulk concentrate Zinc concentrate |
| Production | Zinc (t): 271,200 Lead (t): 55,300 Silver (oz): 1,675,000 |
| Financial year | 2019[1][2] |
| History | |
| Opened | 1993[3] |
| Owner | |
| Company | Glencore |
| Website | http://www.glencore.com/ http://www.mcarthurrivermine.com.au/ |
Early history
editThe McArthur River zinc mine is based on one of the world's largest zinc, lead and silver deposits. Tom Lynott, the manager of McArthur River station is attributed with identifying the valuable metals in the area as early as 1887. Small mining ventures were attempted and failed due to the cost of transport. The deposit was proven in 1955 by a survey party from Mount Isa Mines (MIM) and named 'HYC' or 'Here's Your Chance'. The name came out of a conversation between chief geologist Syd Carter and fellow geologist Ron Beresford who were reviewing the progress of the survey party in 1956. Bemoaning that Beresford was naming all the prospects, Carter asked him what the specific area of the zinc deposit was going to be named. Bereford replied "here's your chance Syd" to which Carter replied, "that will do."[5]
Drilling continued during the 1960s. By 1977 the first feasibility studies commenced and a pilot operation and temporary work camp were established. Costs prohibited further development at the time, but by 1989 MIM Holdings were issued the necessary leases to bring the mine into operation. In 1992 it joined forces with Japanese consortium ANT Minerals to develop the mine, forming McArthur River Mining Pty Ltd to operate on their behalf.[6] In November 1993, the McArthur River Project Agreement Ratification Act was passed by the Northern Territory Government and the mine was operational by 1995.[7]
Expansion
editBy 2001, most of the accessible underground ore was extracted and MIM reported a $900,000 loss.[5] It began looking at the feasibility of turning the mine into an open-cut operation. Terms of Reference for an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) were released in 2003. MIM was acquired by Xstrata in the same year, wholly owning the mine by September 2005.[6]
Plans to expand the mine were announced in 2005. As the main ore body lies directly beneath the river, the expansion required the diversion of 5.5 km of the McArthur River.[8] The mine's expansion was quickly approved, with the support of Prime Minister John Howard.[9] The approval was later revoked by action taken by the Northern Land Council with the support of the traditional owners and the Environmental Defenders Office, through the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory. This decision was also overturned within days and the mine given the go-ahead once more by parliamentary vote. The traditional owners continued to protest, taking the matter to the Federal Court of Australia. They won the case, only to have this decision declared invalid.[10] The final decision was left to Peter Garrett, the Federal Environmental Minister at the time. Xstrata had threatened to sack all 170 staff unless Garrett made a quick decision.[9] On 22 January 2009 he approved the expansion, "subject to a further 10 days of evaluation by Indigenous groups and others", promising also to protect local species such as the sawfish and migratory birds.[11] Later in 2009, a report found that the mine's environmental impact was not being monitored.[12]
In 2012 mining giant Glencore bought the remaining 66% share in Xstrata, taking over the McArthur River Mine.[13] In 2013, the Northern Territory Government approved another $360 million expansion that would double its size and production, extending the life of the mine to 2038.[14] Following an environmental impact study, the expansion is expected to increase production to 5.5 million tonnes per year and increase the workforce to 735 by 2020. It will extend the mine's life until 2038 and is projected to contribute $8.4 billion to the Northern Territory economy and $9.3 billion nationally.[15]
Operation
editThe HYC deposit covers around and area of about two square kilometres and is 55 m in depth.[16] Approximately 2.5 million tonnes of ore containing 383 kt of zinc, 93 kt of lead and 110 t of silver are currently mined per year, supplying markets in Europe, Japan and China.[15] Bulk concentrate is refined to make zinc and lead metal and alloys.[16]
Ore processing
editThe HYC ore body consists of an extremely fine dissemination of the valuable mineral grains intermeshed with the gangue. The technology to efficiently produce a marketable concentrate from this type of ore was not available until long after the deposit was identified. After Mount Isa Mines successfully introduced the IsaMill, the fine grinding necessary for mineral liberation was available for McArthur River to be developed. This unusual mineralogy combined with the ore's relatively high lead levels makes the lead and zinc virtually inseparable prior to smelting, and there are very few smelters which can process concentrate which is high in lead. These issues led Mount Isa Mines (later Xstrata) to develop a new lead-zinc leaching process in partnership with Highlands Pacific, known as the Albion process.[17] The technology has now been applied to both gold and base metal projects also.[18]
Transport
editBulk concentrate is trucked 120 km from the mine to a loading facility in the Gulf of Carpentaria.[19] The concentrate is loaded onto a ship at the Bing Bong loading facility. From here the purpose-built barge called MV Aburri operates a shuttle service from the loading facility to a point fifteen nautical miles offshore where the concentrate is transferred on to overseas bulk carriers.[20] There have been several transportation incidents.[21]
Environmental impacts
editCreek contamination
editSeepage from the Tailings Storage Facility at the mine have been detected in the nearby Surprise Creek. Monitoring in 2005, 2007 and 2010 shows that soluble sulfate, zinc and, potentially, lead and cadmium are seeping into Surprise Creek. Dust from operations at the run of mine pad and crushing plant is contaminating stream sediments in both Barney Creek and Surprise Creek, affecting macroinvertebrate species. An extreme risk of embankment failure, or "overtopping", of the spillway in the Tailings Storage Facility due to water volumes has also been identified, requiring immediate action.[22]
Fish contamination
editLocal Indigenous people have also raised concerns about contamination of fish in the McArthur River. Testing by the Northern Territory Government and the mine's consultant found that small species, including rainbow fish and bony bream, have been contaminated with lead above maximum-permitted concentrations, making them unsafe for human consumption.[23][24] In 2015, reports showed that Glencore and the Northern Territory Health Department did not act on a recommendation from the Chief Health Officer to warn people living near the mine to not eat fish from three locations.[25]
A small section of seagrass, which provides food for dugongs has also been destroyed by dredging at the Bing Bong Loading Facility. Potential for bioaccumulation of heavy metals in dugongs, a significant concern for Aboriginals from Borroloola who eat the meat, has been identified as a result from potential ore spillage at the facility.[26]
Uncontrolled toxic fire
editA waste dump at the mine has been burning since 2013.[27] Pyrite iron sulphide stacked in the dump overheated and ignited. The rock was misclassified in its Environmental Impact Statement as 12 per cent reactive potentially acid-forming rock and the rest non-acid-forming.[23] Workers were allegedly told to cover up details of the extent of the fire and now claim to be suffering from respiratory conditions as a result of breathing toxic smoke from the fire.[28]
After claiming the fire had been brought under control, photos of smoke coming from the mine emerged again in March 2015, sparking an investigation by the Environment Protection Authority.[29] Sightings of smoke again in July 2016, turned out to be dust from the dump, causing the immediate closure of the site and an investigation into why dust mitigation measures were not being complied with.[30]
Rehabilitation
editRehabilitation of the site is estimated to cost up to $1 billion.[31] In 2015, the Northern Territory Government threatened to close McArthur River Mine unless it improved its environmental practices and agreed to increase the size of the financial bond for the site's final remediation.[32] Local Indigenous people and environmental groups continue to call for the mine's immediate closure and rehabilitation of the site.[33][34]
Cyclone
editThe mine closed temporarily in March 2024 after flooding due to record levels of rain, reaching 274 millimetres in just 24 hours due to Tropical Cyclone Megan. Traditional owners then raised concerns over resulting erosion to acidic waste rock piles, however Glencore stated that the "stability and integrity of the dump had not been impacted".[35]
Climate
edit| Climate data for McArthur River Mine Airport, elevation 40 m (130 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 45.0 (113.0) |
45.3 (113.5) |
43.4 (110.1) |
40.2 (104.4) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
40.9 (105.6) |
43.7 (110.7) |
44.3 (111.7) |
46.0 (114.8) |
46.0 (114.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 35.8 (96.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.2 (95.4) |
32.6 (90.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.1 (100.6) |
34.9 (94.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
1.0 (33.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 257.4 (10.13) |
195.1 (7.68) |
147.4 (5.80) |
33.4 (1.31) |
3.2 (0.13) |
1.8 (0.07) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.5 (0.02) |
1.8 (0.07) |
25.5 (1.00) |
62.5 (2.46) |
135.3 (5.33) |
864.1 (34.01) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.0 | 11.8 | 9.0 | 2.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 5.0 | 8.8 | 52.6 |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[36] | |||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Full Year 2019 Production Report" (PDF). Baar, Switzerland: Glencore. 4 February 2020. p. 12. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Zinc". Glencore Australia. Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "McArthur River Mine". NT EPA. Darwin: NT Environment Protection Authority. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Minerals Yearbook". 2005.
- ^ a b Leather, Janet; Webber, Eddie (2004). Borroloola - From Teams to Toyota's. Winnellie, NT: Pandanus Publishing. ISBN 1920795022.
- ^ a b "Our history". McArthur River Mining. Glengore. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Northern Territory Legislation". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Manning, Paddy (11 August 2012). "Xstrata digs deep for prized zinc deposits". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfaz Media. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ a b Murdoch, Lindsay (14 October 2006). "NT bends the rules to give go-ahead to Xstrata". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Young, Anthony. "Jealous for Our Country" (PDF). William Foster Chambers. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Ker, Peter (23 January 2009). "Garrett backs controversial mine". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Masters, Emma (12 November 2009). "Damning report card for McArthur River Mine". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Taylor, David (8 February 2012). "BHP unfazed by proposed mega mining merger". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. PM. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Gibson, Jano (4 June 2013). "McArthur River mine expansion plan approved". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Phase 3 development project". McArthur River Mining. Glencore. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Mining". McArthur River Mining. Glencore. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Pease, Joe (August 2005). "Complex Leaching Becomes Much Simpler". Australian Mining.
- ^ "Albion Process Installations". Albion Process. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Production: Shipping". McArthur River Mining. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "Ships (Capital Grants) Regulations (Amendment) 1996 No. 87". ComLaw. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "Zinc and lead spilled, cattle killed in two road train rollovers in one day in the Northern Territory". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Report To The Minister For Primary Industry Fisheries and Resources, Independent Monitor's Audit Of The Mcarthur River Mine For The 2010 Operational Period" (PDF). Northern Territory Government. October 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ a b Bardon, Jane (12 February 2016). "The race to avert disaster at the NT's McArthur River Mine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. RN. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "MONITORING OF METALS AND LEAD ISOTOPE RATIOS IN FISH, CRUSTACEANS AND MOLLUSCS OF THE McARTHUR RIVER, 2015" (PDF). McArthur River Mine. Indo-Pacific Environmental Pty Ltd. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Bardon, Jane (26 August 2015). "Glencore, health department failed to relay warning to stop eating fish near McArthur River Mine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Marsh, Helene (2002). Dugong: Status Report and Action Plans for Countries and Territories. United Nations Environment Programme. p. 108. ISBN 92-807-2130-5. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ Bardon, Jane (27 July 2014). "McArthur River mine's burning waste rock pile sparks health, environmental concerns among Gulf of Carpentaria Aboriginal groups". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Bardon, Jane (29 November 2016). "McArthur River Mine workers break silence with allegations of serious injuries from toxic smoke". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Stewart, Anthony (26 March 2015). "More Black smoke sparks environmental investigation at McArthur River Mine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Masige, Sharon (8 August 2016). "McArthur River mine halts work after dust issues". Australia Mining. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Slezak, Michael. "Calls to halt McArthur River mine operations over safety and remediation concerns". The Guardian.
- ^ Bardon, Jane (25 August 2015). "NT Chief Minister threatens McArthur River Mine with closure unless it improves environmental practices". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Bardon, Jane; Jackson, Vernon (19 May 2016). "Protesters call for Glencore to close McArthur River mine and clean-up the site". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Enough is enough – McArthur River Mine must be closed". Environment Centre NT. The Environment Centre of the Northern Territory Inc. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Traditional owners sound alarm over erosion of toxic waste rock dump at NT mine". ABC News. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Climate statistics for Australian locations: MCARTHUR RIVER MINE AIRPORT". 8 April 2024.