Melzer (German, derived from Mälzer, meaning "malter") is an occupational surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Gerald Melzer (born 1990), Austrian tennis player
- Hagen Melzer (born 1959), German long-distance runner
- Johanna Melzer (1904–1960), German anti-Nazi activist
- Iveta Benešová (known professionally as Iveta Melzer; born 1983), Czech tennis player
- Jean Melzer (1926–2013), Australian senator
- Jürgen Melzer (born 1981), Austrian tennis player
- Manfred Melzer (1944–2018), German bishop
- Richard Melzer (born 1979), American basketball player
- Václav Melzer (1878–1968), Czech mycologist
- Werner Melzer (born 1954), German footballer