Domenico Menotti Garibaldi (16 September 1840 – 22 August 1903) was an Italian soldier and politician who was the eldest son of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Anita Garibaldi. He fought in the Second and Third wars of Italian Unification, and organized the Garibaldi Legion, a unit of Italian volunteers who fought for Polish independence in the January Uprising of 1863.[1] He also served in the Italian Chamber of Deputies.
Domenico Menotti Garibaldi | |
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| Born | 16 September 1840 Mostardas, Riograndense Republic |
| Died | 22 August 1903 (aged 62) Rome, Kingdom of Italy |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Sardinia Kingdom of Italy French Republic |
| Rank | General |
| Unit | Hunters of the Alps Army of the Vosges |
| Battles / wars | Second Italian War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Battle of Aspromonte January Uprising Third Italian War of Independence Battle of Mentana Franco-Prussian War |
| Relations | Giuseppe Garibaldi (father) Anita Garibaldi (mother) |
Biography
editGaribaldi was born on 16 September 1840 in Mostardas, in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, to Anita and Giuseppe Garibaldi, as their first son and the only born in Brazil. At the time of his birth Mostardas was part of the revolutionary Riograndense Republic, for which his parents were fighting in the Ragamuffin War.[2] He was named after his grandfather, Domenico Garibaldi, and the Italian patriot Ciro Menotti, whom Giuseppe Garibaldi considered a martyr.[3]
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After Anita's death in 1849, Garibaldi had a mixed upbringing, alternating between his paternal grandmother and Augusto Garibaldi, a cousin of his father, in Nice (then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), then at his father's home in Caprera after 1856. He was partly educated at a military school in Genoa. In 1859, aged 19, Garibaldi joined his father's newly formed legion of Redshirts, the Hunters of the Alps, created to assist Sardinia against Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence. He took part in the Expedition of the Thousand against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, in 1860, during which he was wounded at the Battle of Calatafimi.[4] In late May, Garibaldi was sent to watch the surrender of Sicilian general Ferdinando Lanza after the Siege of Palermo.[5]
In August 1862, he was present at the controversial Battle of Aspromonte, when both Menotti and Giuseppe Garibaldi were wounded in an attack by Italian troops.[6] In 1863, during the January Uprising in Poland, Garibaldi organized a legion of Italian volunteers, the Garibaldi Legion, led by General Francesco Nullo, to support the Polish insurgents in the military struggle against the Russian Empire. He accompanied his father in a trip to London in 1864. Two years later, during the Third Italian War of Independence, Garibaldi fought alongside his brother Ricciotti, father and brother-in-law at the Battle of Bezzecca, which resulted in a victory over the Austrians. His own military skill was recognised in 1867, when his father asked him to lead volunteers in an invasion of the Papal States, which ended in defeat at the Battle of Mentana.[5]
With the unification of Italy, Garibaldi was made a general in the new Royal Italian Army. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, he fought for France as commander of the 3rd brigade of the Army of the Vosges, a volunteer force led by his father, and served at the Third Battle of Dijon.[7] After the war Garibaldi was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and tried to raise an Italian legion to support the ʻUrabi revolt in Egypt.[5] He died in Rome on 22 August 1903.
Family tree
edit| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Domenico Menotti Garibaldi | Rosa "Rosita" Garibaldi | Teresa "Teresita" Garibaldi | Ricciotti Garibaldi | Harriet Constance Hopcraft | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peppino Garibaldi | Costante Garibaldi | Anita Italia Garibaldi | Ezio Garibaldi | Bruno Garibaldi | Ricciotti Garibaldi Jr. | Menotti Garibaldi Jr. | Sante Garibaldi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Christopher Kelly; Stuart Laycock (2015). Italy Invades. Greenleaf Book Group. ISBN 978-0-9968825-0-7.
- ^ Adílcio Cadorin (2001). Anita Garibaldi: a Guerreira das Repúblicas (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Florianópolis: Ioesc.
- ^ Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1861). Dumas, Alexandre (ed.). Garibaldi: an autobiography. Translated by Robson, William. Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. p. 124. Retrieved 1 January 2022 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ James Fentress (2018). Rebels and Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape. Cornell University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-5017-2151-9.
- ^ a b c Richard Bourne (2020). Garibaldi in South America: An Exploration. Oxford University Press. p. 70-71.
- ^ Giuseppe Garibaldi (1889). Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Translated by A. Werner. W. Smith and Innes. p. 251.
- ^ Justus Scheibert (1894). The Franco-German War, 1870-71. Translated by J. A. Ferrier. Royal Engineers Institute.
Bibliography
edit- Marco Formato, Menotti Garibaldi. Un eroe di due mondi, Paolo Sorba Editore (2015).
- Antonio Fappani, La Campagna garibaldina del 1866 in Valle Sabbia e nelle Giudicarie, Brescia 1970.