Mertensophryne howelli (common name: Mrora forest toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the coast of Tanzania and known from the Mafia Island and Zanzibar.[1][2] The species is named after professor Kim Howell for his contributions to the herpetology of Tanzania.[3]
| Mertensophryne howelli | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Mertensophryne |
| Species: | M. howelli
|
| Binomial name | |
| Mertensophryne howelli (Poynton and Clarke, 1999)[2]
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Stephopaedes howelli Poynton & Clarke, 1999[3] | |
Description
editThe holotype, an adult female, measured 44 mm (1.7 in) in snout to vent length and 41 mm (1.6 in) in snout to urostyle tip length. The male paratype measured 31 mm (1.2 in) in snout to urostyle tip length.[3] The maximum reported female snout–vent length is 45 mm (1.8 in) and clutch size 60 eggs.[4]
The top of the head is flat, as typical for species of the formerly recognized genus Stephopuedes. Parotoid glands are flattened and broad. Dorsal and lateral skin of head and parotoid region are densely covered with sharply pointed, light-tipped spines, which are especially densely packed on canthus and lateral edge of eyelids. Spines on loreal region are fewer and smaller. Colouration is generally dark brown, with a light upper lip and snout tip and a light middorsal line over the urostyle.[3]
Habitat and conservation
editIt is a terrestrial toad inhabiting lowland coastal forest, showing some degree of adaptability to living in degraded habitats. On Mafia Island, its habitat is being degraded rapidly for agriculture, wood extraction, and human settlements. It occurs in the Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park on Zanzibar.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2016). "Mertensophryne howelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T54888A84397243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T54888A84397243.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Mertensophryne howelli (Poynton and Clarke, 1999)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d Poynton, J. C.; Clarke, B. T. (1999). "Two new species of Stephopaedes (Anura: Bufonidae) from Tanzania, with a review of the genus". African Journal of Herpetology. 48 (1–2): 1–14. doi:10.1080/21564574.1999.9651065.
- ^ Liedtke, H. Christoph; Müller, Hendrik; Hafner, Julian; Nagel, Peter; Loader, Simon P. (2014). "Interspecific patterns for egg and clutch sizes of African Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 253 (4): 309–315. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2014.02.003.