Metabolite channeling[1] is the passing of the intermediary metabolic product of one enzyme directly to another enzyme or active site without its release into solution. When several consecutive enzymes of a metabolic pathway channel substrates between themselves,[2] this is called a metabolon.[3] Channeling can make a metabolic pathway more rapid and efficient than it would be if the enzymes were randomly distributed in the cytosol, or prevent the release of unstable intermediates.[4] It can also protect an intermediate from being consumed by competing reactions catalyzed by other enzymes.
Mechanisms for channeling
editChanneling can occur in several ways. One possibility, which occurs in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, is by a substrate being attached to a flexible arm that moves between several active sites (not very likely).[5] Another possibility is by two active sites being connected by a tunnel through the protein and the substrate moving through the tunnel; this is seen in tryptophan synthase.[4] A third possibility is by a charged region on the surface of the enzyme acting as a pathway or "electrostatic highway" to guide a substrate that has the opposite charge from one active site to another. This is seen in the bifunctional enzyme dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase.[6] The channeling of aminoacyl-tRNA for protein synthesis in vivo has been also reported.[7]
Controversies
editChanneling of NADH between oxidoreductases
editSome authors have maintained that direct transfer of NADH from one enzyme as product to another as substrate is a common phenomenon.[8] However others, such as Gutfreund and Chock[9] and Pettersson[10] have argued that the experimental evidence is too weak to support such a conclusion. In a more recent study[11] Svedružić and colleagues conclude that such direct transfer is a real phenomenon, but they sound a note of caution:
Our results also show that it is impossible to design experiments that can conclusively analyze substrate channeling in cells if we do not understand the underlying molecular principles and the properties of the related enzymes.
Physiological effects of metabolite channeling
editIt is sometimes suggested, for example by Ovádi,[12] that metabolite channeling decreases the concentration of metabolite in free solution. However, it has also been argued[13] that there is no net effect on the free concentration in steady-state conditions, a claim disputed by others.[14] More recent authors[15] consider this and other questions about channeling to be unresolved: "Substrate channeling in vivo has also been a subject of yet to be resolved debates," or they recognize that an effect on free concentration exists, but is "generally small."[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ This is sometimes also called "substrate channeling", but that name is less specific.
- ^ Srere, P. (1972). "Is there an organization of Krebs cycle enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix?". In Hanson, R. W.; Mehlman, P. (eds.). Energy Metabolism and the Regulation of Metabolic Processes in Mitochondria. New York: Academic Press. pp. 79–91. ISBN 978-0124878501.
- ^ Srere, P. A. (1985). "The metabolon". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 10 (3): 109–110. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(85)90266-X.
- ^ a b Huang X, Holden HM, Raushel FM (2001). "Channeling of substrates and intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70: 149–80. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.149. PMID 11395405.
- ^ Perham RN (2000). "Swinging arms and swinging domains in multifunctional enzymes: catalytic machines for multistep reactions". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69: 961–1004. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.961. PMID 10966480.
- ^ Miles EW, Rhee S, Davies DR (April 1999). "The molecular basis of substrate channeling". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (18): 12193–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12193. PMID 10212181.
- ^ Negrutskii B.S.; Deutscher M.P. (1991). "Channeling of aminoacyl-tRNA for protein synthesis in vivo". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88 (11): 4991–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.4991N. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4991. PMC 51793. PMID 2052582.
- ^ Spivey, H. O.; Ovádi, J. (1999). "Substrate channeling". Methods. 19 (2): 306–321. doi:10.1006/meth.1999.0858. PMID 10527733.
- ^ Gutfreund, H; Chock, P. B. (1991). "Substrate channelling among glycolytic enzymes: fact or fiction". J. Theor. Biol. 152 (1): 117–121. Bibcode:1991JThBi.152..117G. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80524-7. PMID 1753754.
- ^ Pettersson, G. (1991). "No convincing evidence is available for metabolite channelling between enzymes forming dynamic complexes". J. Theor. Biol. 152 (1): 65–69. Bibcode:1991JThBi.152...65P. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80512-0. PMID 1753770.
- ^ Svedružić, Z. M.; Odorčić, I.; Chang, C. H.; Svedružić, D. (2020). "Substrate channeling via a transient protein-protein complex: the case of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and L-lactate dehydrogenase". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10404. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67079-2. PMC 7320145. PMID 32591631.
- ^ Ovádi, Judit (1991). "Physiological significance of metabolic channelling". J. Theor. Biol. 152 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:1991JThBi.152....1O. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80500-4. PMID 1753749.
- ^ Cornish-Bowden, A.; Cárdenas, M. L. (1993). "Channelling can affect concentrations of metabolic intermediates at constant net flux: artefact or reality?". Eur. J. Biochem. 213 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17737.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 8477736.
- ^ Mendes, P.; Kell, D. B.; Westerhoff, H. V. (1996). "Why and when channelling can decrease pool size at constant net flux in a simple dynamic channel". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1289 (2): 175–186. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(95)00152-2. ISSN 0304-4165. PMID 8600971.
- ^ Kuzmak, A.; Carmali, S.; von Lieres, E.; Russell, A. J.; Kondrat, S. (2019). "Can enzyme proximity accelerate cascade reactions?". Sci. Rep. 9 (1): 455. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9..455K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37034-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6345930. PMID 30679600.
- ^ Pareek, V.; Sha, S.; He, J.; Wingreen, N. S.; Benkovic, S. J. (2021). "Metabolic channeling: predictions, deductions, and evidence". Mol. Cell. 81 (18): 3775–3785. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.030. ISSN 1097-2765. PMC 8485759. PMID 34547238.
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