Metal–organic nanotubes (MONTs) are a class of crystalline coordination polymers consisting of organic ligands bonded to a metal or metal cluster that form single-walled one-dimensional porous structures.[1][2] The usage of organic ligands allows the properties of the resulting material to be tuned, as in the parent class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), but like carbon nanotubes, MONTs are anisotropic structures.
Structure
editMONTs have three main components: an organic bridging ligand, an inorganic metal or metal cluster, and a capping ligand that limits the dimensionality of the resulting structure.[1] The bridging ligand is typically di-, tri- or tetravalent, while the capping ligand and metal form structures analogous to secondary building units (SBUs) in MOFs. MONTs have topologies that can be classified as helical coils, stacked macrocyclic rings, pillars of metal-ligand chains, or (m,n) scaffold nets.[1]
Helical coil MONTs can be thought of as a linear coordination polymer that is warped into a spiral conformation, resulting in a tube-shaped structure. Macrocyclic ring MONTs are macrocycles fused via coordination bonds to construct an infinite tube. Pillar-chain MONTs are two, three, or four metal-anion linear chains connected via organic linkers to form a nanotube. (m,n) scaffold nets are constructed from a single organic linker functioning as nodes in a topological net, where “m” represents the number of metal linkers while “n” represents the number of organic nodes.[1]
Synthesis and properties
editMONTs are synthesized primarily via a bottom-up solvothermal synthesis approach from a mixture of organic ligands and metal. In bottom-up syntheses, ligands coordinate to metals and rapidly form pre-MONT crystallites that ripen into well-developed crystals through equilibrium processes.[3] This process can expel defects as discrete molecules add to existing crystal structures reversibly over the course of hours to days. Guest molecules such as dimethylformamide or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone often play a vital role in the formation of MONTs.[1]
Another route of MONT synthesis is performed via curling a 2-D sheet into a nanotube. This method relies on exfoliation of the sheet, enabled by weak interlayer interactions. Once the sheets have been separated, chemical stresses induced by a host material force the sheet to curl upon itself and form a MONT.[4]
Careful selection of ligands and metals in MONTs allow tunable pore sizes and dimensions, resulting in applications such as fluid separations, hydrogen storage, as an ion exchange material, and chemical sensing.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Jia, Jia-Ge; Zheng, Li-Min (January 2020). "Metal-organic nanotubes: Designs, structures and functions". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 403: 213083. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213083. ISSN 0010-8545.
- ^ Fu, Quanbin; Lu, Yuanyue; Sun, Xin; Wang, Xiaoli; Ai, Shi-yun; Zhao, Ru-Song (1 June 2023). "Recent advances and applications of metal-organic nanotubes in separation and sensor detection science". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 163: 117052. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2023.117052. ISSN 0165-9936.
- ^ Aoyagi, Masaru; Tashiro, Shohei; Tominaga, Masahide; Biradha, Kumar; Fujita, Makoto (2002). "Spectroscopic and crystallographic studies on the stability of self-assembled coordination nanotubes". Chem. Commun. (18): 2036–2037. doi:10.1039/B205194J. PMID 12357767.
- ^ Adarsh, Nayarassery N.; Dîrtu, Marinela M.; Naik, Anil D.; Léonard, Alexandre F.; Campagnol, Nicolo; Robeyns, Koen; Snauwaert, Johan; Fransaer, Jan; Su, Bao Lian; Garcia, Yann (9 March 2015). "Single-Walled Metal–Organic Nanotube Built from a Simple Synthon". Chemistry – A European Journal. 21 (11): 4300–4307. doi:10.1002/chem.201405859. ISSN 0947-6539. PMID 25601611.
- ^ Murdock, Christopher R.; Jenkins, David M. (6 August 2014). "Isostructural Synthesis of Porous Metal–Organic Nanotubes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (31): 10983–10988. doi:10.1021/ja5042226. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 25055224.
- ^ Kong, Guo-Qiang; Ou, Sha; Zou, Chao; Wu, Chuan-De (5 December 2012). "Assembly and Post-Modification of a Metal–Organic Nanotube for Highly Efficient Catalysis". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (48): 19851–19857. doi:10.1021/ja309158a. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 23163641.
- ^ Yamagishi, Hiroshi; Fukino, Takahiro; Hashizume, Daisuke; Mori, Tadashi; Inoue, Yoshihisa; Hikima, Takaaki; Takata, Masaki; Aida, Takuzo (24 June 2015). "Metal–Organic Nanotube with Helical and Propeller-Chiral Motifs Composed of a C 10 -Symmetric Double-Decker Nanoring". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (24): 7628–7631. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b04386. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 26053066.
- ^ Xin, Xuelian; Zhang, Minghui; Zhao, Jianwei; Han, Chengyou; Liu, Xiuping; Xiao, Zhenyu; Zhang, Liangliang; Xu, Ben; Guo, Wenyue; Wang, Rongming; Sun, Daofeng (19 January 2017). "Fluorescence turn-on detection of uric acid by a water-stable metal–organic nanotube with high selectivity and sensitivity". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 5 (3): 601–606. doi:10.1039/C6TC05034D. ISSN 2050-7534.
- ^ Dai, Fangna; He, Haiyan; Sun, Daofeng (29 October 2008). "A Metal−Organic Nanotube Exhibiting Reversible Adsorption of (H 2 O) 12 Cluster". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (43): 14064–14065. doi:10.1021/ja805920t. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 18831586.
- ^ Jayasinghe, Ashini S.; Salzman, Samuel; Forbes, Tori Z. (7 December 2016). "Metal Substitution into Metal Organic Nanotubes: Impacts on Solvent Uptake and Stability". Crystal Growth & Design. 16 (12): 7058–7066. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.6b01268. ISSN 1528-7483.