A middleman minority is a minority population whose main occupations link producers and consumers: traders, money-lenders, etc. A middleman minority, while possibly suffering discrimination and bullying, does not hold an "extreme subordinate" status in society.[1] The "middleman minority" concept was developed by sociologists Hubert Blalock and Edna Bonacich starting in the 1960s but is also used by political scientists and economists. This idea was further developed by American economist Thomas Sowell.[2]
Overview
editThere are numerous examples of such groups gaining eventual prosperity in their adopted country despite discrimination. Often, they will take on roles between producer and consumer, such as trading and moneylending. Famous examples such as Jews throughout Europe even at times when discrimination against them was high, Chinese throughout Southeast Asia and North America, Muslims and Parsis in India, Igbos in Nigeria, Indians in East Africa, Lebanese in West Africa, and many others.[3]
Middleman minorities usually provide an economic benefit to communities and nations and often start new industries. However, their economic aptitude, financial success and clannishness, combined with social prejudices by other groups against businesses and moneylending, can cause resentment among the native population of a country. Middleman minorities can be victims of racist violence, terrorists, bullying, genocide, racialist policy, or other forms of repression. Other ethnic groups often accuse them of plotting conspiracies against their nation or of stealing wealth from the native population.[3]
Examples
edit- In Africa
- Indians in East Africa[4]
- Igbos in Nigeria
- Syrians and Lebanese in West Africa[4]
- In South Asia
- In North America
- Chinese Americans[5]
- Japanese Americans[6]
- Korean Americans[7]
- Greek Americans[4]
- Lebanese Americans[4]
- In South America
- Japanese in South America[4]
- Lebanese in South America[8]
- The majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries Middle Eastern immigrants to Brazil (Lebanese, Syrians, etc., collectively called "arabes" or "turcos", the latter term because they came from the Ottoman Empire) were peddlers, merchants and other types of non-"producers".[9]
- In West Asia
- Armenian
- Armenians in the Ottoman Empire[14][15]
- Armenians in Baku during the Russian Empire[16]
- Persian Armenians in Safavid dynasty[17][full citation needed] [14]
- Armenian Americans[4]
- Azerbaijani
- Azerbaijanis during the Imperial era of Iran (16th–20th centuries)[18]
- Azerbaijanis in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire[18]
- Azerbaijanis in contemporary Iran[18]
- Azerbaijanis in contemporary Russia[19][18]
- Jewish
- Elsewhere
- Chinese in Southeast Asia[4]
- Chinese and Vietnamese in Russia and Eastern Europe since the fall of Communism and collapse of the Soviet Union[20]
See also
edit- Colonialism, particularly exploitation colonialism and plantation colonies
- Dominant minority
- Market-dominant minority
- Minoritarianism
- Model minority
- Neocolonialism
- World on Fire (book)
- Yuri Slezkine's book The Jewish Century (2004) discussed the concept of "Mercurian" people "specializ[ing] exclusively in providing services to the surrounding food-producing societies," which are characterized as "Apollonians"
References
edit- ^ O'Brien, David J.; Stephen S. Fugita (April 1982). "Middleman Minority Concept: Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture". The Pacific Sociological Review. 25 (2). University of California Press: 185–204. doi:10.2307/1388723. JSTOR 1388723. S2CID 158296209.
- ^ Douglas, Karen Manges; Saenz, Rogelio. "Middleman Minorities" (PDF). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-06-22.
- ^ a b Sowell, Thomas (2005). "Is Anti-Semitism Generic?". Hoover Digest. 2005 (3). Hoover Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bonacich, Edna (October 1973). "A Theory of Middleman Minorities". American Sociological Review. 38 (5). American Sociological Association: 583–594. doi:10.2307/2094409. JSTOR 2094409.
- ^ Chang, Iris (2004-03-30). The Chinese in America: A Narrative History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-12687-5.
- ^ Kitano, Harry H. L. (1974). "Japanese Americans: The Development of a Middleman Minority". Pacific Historical Review. 43 (4): 500–519. doi:10.2307/3638430. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 3638430.
- ^ Min, Pyong-Gap; Kolodny, Andrew (1994). "The Middleman Minority Characteristics of Korean Immigrants in the United States". Korea Journal of Population and Development. 23 (2): 179–202. ISSN 1225-3804. JSTOR 43783305.
- ^ Essays on Twentieth-Century History p.44
- ^ Jeffrey Lesser, "(Re) Creating Ethnicity: Middle Eastern Immigration to Brazil", The Americas Vol. 53, No. 1 (Jul., 1996), pp. 45-65 JSTOR 1007473
- ^ Pacini, Andrea (1998). Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. ISBN 978-0-19-829388-0. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ Boxberger, Linda (2002). On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791452172. ISSN 2472-954X. OCLC 53226033.
- ^ Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183. doi:10.2307/1596090. JSTOR 1596090.
- ^ Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845459789. OCLC 732958389.
- ^ a b Thomas Sowell, Black Rednecks & White Liberals; about the book: Black Rednecks and White Liberals
- ^ Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford University Press. p. 8-9. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004-01-17). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4039-6422-9.
- ^ Blow; p. 213.
- ^ a b c d Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521522458. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02.
- ^ Braux, Adeline (3 December 2013). "Azerbaijani Migrants in Russia" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. 57 (5): 5–7.
- ^ Pál, N. (October 2007). Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era. doi:10.4324/9780203933961. ISBN 9781134063819.
Further reading
edit- Silverman, Robert Mark. 2000. Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago’s Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry. New York: Garland Publishing.
- Cobas, José A. (Apr 1987). "Ethnic enclaves and middleman minorities: alternative strategies of immigrant adaptation?". Sociol Perspect. 30 (2): 143–61. doi:10.2307/1388996. JSTOR 1388996. PMID 12315137. S2CID 28038205.
- Pál Nyíri, Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era, 2007, ISBN 0415446864