Wikipedia

List of visionary tall buildings and structures

(Redirected from Millennium Challenge Tower)

This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned.

The X-Seed 4000 is one of the tallest structures ever conceived. Shown in this image is the Burj Khalifa (828 m (2,717 ft)), tallest structure in the world at the time of completion in 2010 to this year (2024), and the X-Seed 4000 project (4,000 m (13,000 ft)).

The definition of 'vision' is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[1] The list does not include under construction buildings; these are listed at List of future tallest buildings.

Envisioned structures

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Name Height Year of proposal Type Main Use Country Place Description Floors
The Space Elevator 100,000 km (62,137 mi) 1895 Massive space tether

Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization

  UAE[2][3]
  Japan[4]
  China[5]
  Russia[6]
  USA[7]

Pacific Ocean[a] An extraordinarily long cable, anchored on or near the equator, held up by the rotation of the Earth. N/A
The Orbital Ring 160 km (99 mi) to 80 km (50 mi) of minimal height 1982 Suspended ring structure around Earth

Space tourism/exploration/colonization, Space manufacturing, Telecommunication, and Space-based solar power[8]

undetermined undetermined The Orbital ring is a concept of an artificial ring shaped cable placed around Earth and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent centrifugal force is large enough to counteract the force of gravity.[9][10][11] A motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes the ring structure become stationary relative to the ground at much lower attitude compare to space elevator which has to maintain its center of mass around geostationary orbit. Multiple tethers can be connected from orbital ring to the ground enabling mass-transport to space.[8] N/A
The Launch Loop 80 km (50 mi) 1981 Suspended Maglev Track

Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization

undetermined undetermined The Launch loop is a concept that has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch.[12] N/A
Scaled-down space elevator 20 km (12 mi) 2009 Pneumatic tower

Tourism, communications, wind generation, and reduced cost space launch.[13]

undetermined undetermined A sub-orbital or mini version.[14] The structure would be free standing and actively guyed over its base.[13] N/A
StarTram Generation 2 20 km (12 mi) 2001 Suspended Maglev Track Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization   United States undetermined Proposed concept for orbital launches. It has a long (1000–1500 km) vacuum tube, levitated via strong currents in superconducting cables N/A
Tokyo Tower of Babel[15] 10 km (33,000 ft) 1992 Arcology Mixed Use   Japan Tokyo Would house roughly 30 million people and take 100–150 years to build. The cost would be around ¥3 quadrillion ($22 trillion). 1000+
Arconic Tower (Jetsons Tower) 4.8 km (16,000 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United States San Francisco It was designed by Arconic and became the tallest envisioned building in the United States, surpassing the Ultima Tower, envisioned for the same city. 984
Saud Tower 4.8 km (16,000 ft) 2024 Arcology + Skyscraper Mixed Use   Saudi Arabia Neom 979
X-Seed 4000 4 km (13,000 ft) 1995 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail real estate, as well as heavy industry   Japan Tokyo Would accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants 800
Ultima Tower 3.2187 km (10,560 ft) 1991 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   United States San Francisco Designed by American architect Eugene Tsui in 1991 500
Dubai City Tower 2.4 km (7,900 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   United Arab Emirates Dubai Six buildings entwining a central core 400
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid 2 km (6,600 ft) 1996 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Japan Tokyo The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be approximately 14 times as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. 390
The Dutch Mountain 2 km (6,600 ft) 2012 Artificial Mountain Tourism, leisure, commercial and wind generation   Netherlands Flevoland "De Nederlandse Berg", Dutch for "The Dutch Mountain" is a proposal for an artificial mountain by Thijs Zonneveld.[16][17][18][19] N/A
Rise Tower 2 km (6,600 ft) 2022 Skyscraper Mixed-Use   Saudi Arabia Riyadh 678
Millennium Challenge Tower 1.852 km (6,080 ft) 2005 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   Kuwait Kuwait City Designed by architect Omero Marchetti as part of his proposed "ethic city" concept. The aims of the project are to reach a nautical mile in height while "not using concrete, orthogonal grids, traditional systems, mortars, [and] cranes."[20] If built, the tower would reach 1,852 metres (6,076 ft). 575
Times Squared 3015 1.733 km (5,686 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use   United States New York City 321
Sky Mile Tower 1.7 km (5,577 ft)[21] 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Japan Tokyo Would serve as a dam and supply water to its 55,000 residents. 421
Xtopia 1.614 km (5,295 ft) 2010 Skyscraper Multiple   China Shanghai Xtopia is a concept building for a 300-floor high-rise self-contained community. 300
New City Tower 1,500 m (4,900 ft) 2007 Arcology Mixed Use   United Kingdom London 500
MOTHER 1.321 km (4,330 ft) 1991 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Japan Tokyo 220
Edison Tower 1.310 km (4,298 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use   United States New York City 296
Bionic Tower 1.228 km (4,030 ft) 1997 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   China Shanghai and Hong Kong have both expressed serious interest Designed by architects Eloy Celaya, Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz; would house about 100,000 people. 300
Ziggurat Pyramid 1.200 km (3,940 ft) 2008 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   United Arab Emirates Dubai Ziggurat Pyramid is a pyramid-shaped arcology that was conceived for Dubai in 2008. The structure was designed to house nearly one million people and would be self-sustainable with all-natural energy sources. Like the pyramids of the Mayans and Egyptians, this structure in Dubai would be a giant; it would cover 2.3 square kilometers and would be able to sustain a community of up to one million people. +300
Jakarta Mixed Use Tower 1.200 km (3,940 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Indonesia Jakarta This tower is vision to build in Jakarta, with tall about 1200m. 200
The Bride Tower 1.152 km (3,780 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Iraq Basra Designed by AMBS Architects 241
Orbita Residence 1.112 km (3,650 ft) 2004 Skyscraper Residential   Brazil São Paulo Orbita Residence is a proposed 1112 meter tall 265 floor skyscraper in São Paulo Brazil. It is a tallest visionary building in Brazil ever designed. 265
Azerbaijan Tower 1.050 km (3,440 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Azerbaijan Baku Planned as part of the proposed "Khazar Islands" project[22] 189
Murjan Tower 1.022 km (3,350 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   Bahrain Manama Designed by architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S[23] 200
Wadala Tower 1.011 km (3,320 ft) 2014 Skyscraper garden, hotel, museum, office, and residential   India Mumbai When completed, the mix-use Wadala Tower would be one of the tallest of its kind in the world 200
Burj Mubarak Al Kabir 1.001 km (3,280 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   Kuwait Madinat al-Hareer By Eric Kuhne and Associates[clarification needed] 234
Green Float 1,000 m (3,281 ft) 2010 Arcology Mixed Use   Japan Tokyo Would be able to house up to 40,000 people N/A
Hyperbuilding 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1996 Vertical City Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   Thailand Bangkok Designed by OMA 250
Sky City 1000 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1989 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Japan Tokyo Aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo; 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base for a total floor area of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi); drawn by construction firm Takenaka for the city of Tokyo in 1989, its design was the first of the modern super-tall mega-structures to gain serious attention and consideration by any government 196
Oblisco Capitale 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2018 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Egypt New Administrative Capital 210
Buenos Aires Forum 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Argentina Buenos Aires 200
Europa Tower (Brussels) 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Office, observation, restaurant   Belgium Brussels Designed by L35 Arquitectos; articulated in nine modules;[24][25] 200
Miapolis 975 m (3,199 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United States Miami Designed by Kobi Karp Architect 160
Sewun International Finance Center 965 m (3,166 ft) 2002 Skyscraper Mixed Use   South Korea Seoul 223
Permeable Lattice City 922 m (3,025 ft) 2017 Arcology Mixed Use   Singapore Singapore Designed by WOHA Architect 276
Sepet Gokdele 900 m (3,000 ft) 2001 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Turkey Istanbul Designed by GAD Architecture 184
Nansha Tower 900 m (3,000 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use   China Guangzhou 165
The Spire at Ras Al Khaimah 815 m (2,674 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Residential, office, hotel, observation   United Arab Emirates Ras Al Khaimah Designed by Murphy/Jahn Architects 140
Millennium Tower (Tokyo) 840 m (2,760 ft) 1989 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Japan Tokyo By Norman Foster 180
Sky City (Changsha) 838 m (2,749 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Mixed use   China Changsha 202
DIB-200 800 m (2,600 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   Japan Tokyo Proposed by Kajima Construction; designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe 200
Doha Vertical City 750 m (2,460 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use   Qatar Doha 180
The Mandragore 737 m (2,418 ft) 2020 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United States New York City 160
Burj Azizi 725 m (2,379 ft) 2023 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United Arab Emirates Dubai Would Become Second Tallest Building In The World Beating The Merdeka 118 137
Shimao Shenzhen–Hong Kong International Centre 700 m (2,297 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Hotel, Office   China Shenzhen 148
BUMN Tower 700 m

(2,297 ft)

2011 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Indonesia Nusantara ~150
Buji Tower 1 680 m (2,231 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Mixed Use   China Shenzhen 120
Princesa Tower 680 m (2,231 ft) 2018 Observation tower Leisure, retail, and observation   Philippines Puerto Princesa 120
World Centre for Vedic Learning 677 m (2,221 ft) 2000 Skyscraper Religion, residential, commercial, and education   India Jabalpur Designed by Minoru Yamasaki & Associates 160
Dream Tower 665 m (2,182 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Commercial and retail real estate   South Korea Seoul [26] 150
Bengaluru Turf Tower 663 m (2,175 ft) N/A Skyscraper Residential   India Bangalore N/A 157
Incheon Tower 613 m (2,011 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Mixed Use   South Korea Incheon N/A 151
Gateway Tower (Chicago) 610 m (2,000 ft) 2016 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   United States Chicago Designed by American architectural firm Gensler as a replacement for the Chicago Spire 127
The Big Bend 610 m (2,000 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Residential   United States New York City N/A N/A
The Blade 610 m (2,000 ft) 2016 Skyscraper Hotel   Saudi Arabia Riyadh N/A 128
Three Empire Tower 600 m (1,969 ft) 2002 Skyscraper Hotel, restaurant and office   Turkey Istanbul Designed by Edifice International 150
Malaya 115 596 m (1,955 ft) N/A Skyscraper Mixed Use   Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 115
Port Tower 593.5 m (1,947 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Pakistan Karachi Approved for construction 130
Tashkent Twin City Towers 575 m (1,886 ft) 2024 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Uzbekistan Tashkent Proposed Skyscraper complex at New Tashkent City Masterplan 119
Diamond Tower 555 m (1,821 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Office, residential   Cambodia Phnom Penh 85
CP Makkasan Tower 550 m (1,800 ft) 2020 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   Thailand Bangkok Proposed Skyscraper complex at Makkasan station 120
Hudson Spire 550 m (1,800 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   United States New York Proposed by a developer from Tishman Speyer as part of Manhattan's Hudson Yards development; would be the tallest in the Western Hemisphere 110
Al Noor Tower 540 m (1,770 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Morocco Casablanca Would become Africa's tallest building if completed 114
Thompson Center Redevelopment 518 m (1,699 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United States Chicago N/A 115
ETC Tower 501 m (1,644 ft) 2019 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United Kingdom London Would become United Kingdom's tallest building if completed 111
The Golden Dome Dubai 500 m (1,600 ft) 2004 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United Arab Emirates Dubai The Golden Dome Hotel 6 star, Residential, Office, Sport, Retail, Restaurant, and Observation. 120
Asia Plaza 431 m (1,414 ft) 1997 Skyscraper Commercial   Taiwan Kaohsiung It is a part of the Asia Plaza Tri-Tower Complex, that comprise three buildings, located in the new CBD of Asia New Bay Area.[27][28] 103
GIFT Diamond Tower 410 m (1,350 ft) 2002 Skyscraper Commercial   India Gandhinagar Diamond Tower and the core CBD of GIFT will comprise a total of 25,800,000 sq ft (2,400,000 m2).[29] 87
Solar updraft tower 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft) 2001 Power plant Power generation   Australia Buronga, New South Wales N/A
Tehran World Trade Center 375 m (1,230 ft) 2018 Skyscraper Office   Iran Tehran 72
888 2nd Avenue Tower 366 m (1,201 ft) 2013 skyscraper Mixed Use   United States Seattle 77
Empire 88 Tower 333 m (1,093 ft) 2020 skyscraper Hotel, Residential   Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City 88
Time Square Da Nang 230 m (750 ft) 2022 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Vietnam Da Nang Times Square Danang is a high-end luxury development with over 85% of units having a direct view of the sea in Da Nang. Each apartment in Da Nang Times Square is delicately and artistically created in the style of modern European architecture, incorporating a full range of new 5-star standard services and facilities that buyers are promised. Indulge in a stylish and appealing setting. N/A

Cancelled and scrapped projects

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Name Pinnacle height Year of first proposal Structure type Main use Country City Year of projected completion Description
Houston Tower 2,092 m (6,864 ft) 1979 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, leisure real estate, office   United States Houston Never begun The Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly 1.3 miles (2.1 km) tall (6864 ft/2092 m) and taken up 16 city blocks in Houston.
Aeropolis 2001 2,001 m (6,565 ft) 1989 Arcology Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Japan Tokyo Never begun The Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan. It was proposed to be a 2,000 m (6,562 ft) high building.
The Illinois 1,609 m (5,279 ft) 1956 Skyscraper Commercial, Residential, and leisure real estate   United States Chicago Never begun The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
1 Dubai 1,008 m (3,307 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Unknown   United Arab Emirates Dubai 2010 (cancelled in 2009) 1 Dubai is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed, but in 2009, it was cancelled.
Nakheel Tower 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2003 Skyscraper residential, hotel, office   United Arab Emirates Dubai 2020 (cancelled 2009) Cancelled due to financial problems.
Sky City (Changsha) 838 m (2,749 ft) 2013 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   China Changsha 2014 (cancelled 2014) Cancelled due to concerns over the building's impact on the local environment.[30]
World Trade Center Chicago 762 m (2,500 ft) 1986 Skyscraper Office   United States Chicago (Cancelled in 1992)

Canceled by Stanley Raskow due to lack of investors.

Dubai One 711 m (2,333 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Residential, hotel, observation, restaurant and conference   United Arab Emirates Dubai 2023 (Cancelled in 2021) Dubai One is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed in 2023, but in 2021, it was cancelled.
India Tower 707.5 m (2,321 ft) 2010 Skyscraper residential / hotel / office   India Mumbai (Cancelled 2015) In May 2011 Mumbai's civic building proposals department issued a stop-work order due to a payment dispute with the developers, halting the tower's construction indefinitely. The tower was cancelled on 16 October 2015.
Phare du Monde 701 m (2,300 ft) 1934 Concrete observation tower Leisure and retail real estate   France Paris 1937 (construction never begun) Phare du Monde, was a project for a 701 metre tall observation tower for the world exhibition in Paris, 1937. It was planned as a concrete tower similar to a modern TV tower, but also with a ramp for drive up access.
Fanhai Centre 699 m (2,293 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Residential and commercial   China Wuhan 2027 (cancelled in 2020) The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over 500 metres (1,600 ft). It will be replaced by the 474 meter Fanhai Centre.
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-01 680 m (2,230 ft) 2013 Skyscraper Residential and commercial   China Shenzhen 2030 (cancelled in 2019) The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
Grollo Tower 678 m (2,224 ft) 1997 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and leisure real estate   Australia Melbourne 2004 (cancelled 2001) Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct due to disagreements over who would pay for infrastructure improvements. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560 m (1837 ft) tall, down from the originally planned 678 m (2,224 ft) height, and still would have been the tallest building in the southern hemisphere.
Tianfu Center 677 m (2,221 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Office   China Chengdu 2025 (cancelled in 2020) The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over. Originally it was going to have 677 meters and 157 floors, but it was reduced to a building of 489 meters and 95 floors.
Millenium Tower Las Vegas 671 m (2,201 ft) 2001 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   United States Las Vegas 2001 (cancelled in 2002) Millennium Tower was proposed to be 671 m (2,201 ft) as the tallest building in the world, but it was cancelled in 2002 because of its massive height.
Hanzheng Jie Project Tower 1 666.4 m (2,186 ft) 2011 Skyscraper Residential and commercial   China Wuhan 2026 (cancelled in 2020) The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over 500 metres (1,600 ft).
PAGCOR Tower 665 m (2,182 ft) 2008 Observation tower Leisure and observation facilities   Philippines Manila Cancelled in 2010 Originally part of the plans for the PAGCOR Entertainment City, the project was scrapped due to various reasons including air traffic regulations due to close proximity to Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Anara Tower 655 m (2,149 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United Arab Emirates Dubai Cancelled In 2013 The 135 Story Anara Tower Was Proposed To Be 655 Meters Tall. It Was Cancelled In 2013
Warsaw radio mast 646 m (2,119 ft) Original in 1968, Replacement in 1992 Guyed mast VHF-UHF transmission   Poland Warsaw 1997 (cancelled 1995) Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring was built as a replacement in 1998–99 at Solec Kujawski.
Seoul Light Tower 640 m (2,100 ft) 2000 Skyscraper Mixed Use   South Korea Seoul cancelled in 2011 This building was the proposed landmark building of Digital Media City. Its construction started in 2009, but it was cancelled at 2011 because of conflict between the City of Seoul and the developer company.
Changchun World Trade Center 631 m (2,070 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Serviced, apartments, hotel, and office   China Changchun 2028 (cancelled in 2020) The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over 500 metres (1,600 ft).
Al-Aman World Capital Center 625 meters (2051 feet) 2017 Skyscraper Residential / Serviced Apartments / Hotel / Office / Retail   Sri Lanka Colombo 2023 (cancelled in 2019) Would be the tallest building in Sri Lanka.
Triple One 620 m (2,030 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Mixed Use   South Korea Seoul 2020 (cancelled in 2013) The Triple One, 620 m (2,030 ft) tall, is a proposed building in Yongsan Dreamhub designed by Renzo Piano and 112 floors to be tallest building in South Korea.
Rama IX Super Tower 615 m (2,018 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use   Thailand Bangkok 2026 (cancelled in 2020) The Grand Rama 9 Tower, (formerly known as Rama IX Super Tower), was a proposed skyscraper in Bangkok, Thailand but has been cancelled. It was planned to be 615 m (2,018 ft) tall.
Philippine Diamond Tower 612 m (2,008 ft) 2014 Observation tower Leisure, observation, and broadcast   Philippines Quezon City 2019 (construction never begun; projected to be completed within three years) The observation tower's height of 612 m (2,008 ft) is meant to signify the date of the Philippine declaration of independence (June 12).
Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers 610 m (2,000 ft) 2011 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and hotel   United States Chicago 2022 (cancelled in 2014) Cancelled due to the dissolution of the construction company and abandonment of the project.
7 South Dearborn 610 m (2,000 ft) 1999 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate as well as communications facilities   United States Chicago 2004 (cancelled in 2000 due to lack of funding) 7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2,001 ft).
Chicago Spire 610 m (2,000 ft) 2005 Skyscraper Residential real estate   United States Chicago 2019 (cancelled in 2016) The Chicago Spire designed by Santiago Calatrava was intended to be the tallest building in the western hemisphere as well as the tallest residential building in the world. It was abandoned in 2008 due to financial problems. As of March 11, 2014, as long as the project is funded, it assumed to resume construction.
Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle 610 m (2,000 ft) 1988 Skyscraper Commercial, and Residential real estate   United States Chicago 1994 (cancelled 1992) The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2,001 ft)[31] tall in 1988.
New Metropolitan Tower 600 m (2,000 ft) 2011 Television Tower Communication and observation   Japan Saitama Cancelled in 2011 This project has been removed and switched to the construction of Tokyo Skytree.
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU02-01 580 m (1,900 ft) 2013 Skyscraper Residential and commercial   China Shenzhen 2030 (cancelled in 2019) The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
International Business Center 580 m (1,900 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Commercial real estate   South Korea Seoul 2013 (cancelled 2008) International Business Center was a proposed skyscraper to be constructed in Seoul, South Korea for a height of 580 m (1,900 ft), it was to have 130 floors planned to be completed in 2013.
Crown Las Vegas 575 m (1,886 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate   United States Las Vegas 2006 (cancelled in 2008) Crown Las Vegas was proposed to be 575 m (1,886 ft), but it was cancelled in 2008 after 2 major redesigns.
Kowloon MTR Tower 574 m (1,883 ft) 2000 Skyscraper Office   China Hong Kong 2009 (cancelled 2001) Now built as the International Commerce Center.
Entisar Tower 570 m (1,870 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Residential and Hotel   United Arab Emirates Dubai 2020 (cancelled in 2023) In 2012, Meydan Group announced the Entisar Tower, Construction was halted in 2017 due Dubai's civic building proposals department issued a stop-work order due to a payment dispute with developers, The tower was canceled in December 2023. It was replaced by Burj Azizi.
Grollo Tower 560 m (1,840 ft) 2001 Skyscraper Residential and Commercial real estate   Australia Melbourne 2001 (cancelled in 2004) Revised version of the Grollo Tower shown above.
Meraas Tower 550 m (1,800 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Convention, commercial and retail spaces   United Arab Emirates Dubai 2015 (Cancelled in 2009) The tower was never built, and was canceled in 2009.
New York Stock Exchange Tower 546 m (1,791 ft) 1997 Skyscraper Office   United States New York City 2004 (cancelled 2001) The 546 m tall, 140 story tower was cancelled in 2001 due to 9/11.
Grant USA Tower 533.4 m (1,750 ft) 1970 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   United States Newark, New Jersey 1986 (cancelled 1986) The Grant USA Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground.[32]
Time 108 City 520 meters (1706 feet) 2018 Skyscraper   Myanmar Yangon (New Yangon City) Would be the tallest building in Myanmar
Television City Tower 510 m (1,670 ft) 1985 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   United States New York City 1988 (cancelled 1985) The 510 m tall, 150 story, Helmut Jahn-designed tower proposed by Donald Trump in New York, United States was cancelled in 1988 due to serious local opposition.
Burj Al Alam 510 m (1,670 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Office, hotel, restaurant, observation deck and retail   United Arab Emirates Dubai 2012 (cancelled 2013) Foundation work started. Construction halted in 2009 and finally cancelled in 2013.
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower 503 m (1,650 ft) 1971 Skyscraper Commercial and leisure real estate   Canada Toronto 1976 (cancelled 1972) Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1,650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
10 Columbus Circle 500 m (1,600 ft) 1986 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   United States New York 1987 (cancelled 1986) The 500 m tall, 137 story, 10 Columbus Circle in New York, United States was cancelled in 1987.
Dragon Tower 500 m (1,600 ft) 1996 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   Indonesia Jakarta 2002 (cancelled 1998) The 500 m tall, 101 story, Dragon Tower was cancelled in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.
Kaisa Feng Long Center 500 m (1,600 ft) 2011 Skyscraper Hotel / office   China Shenzhen 2012 (cancelled 2011)
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-03 480 m (1,570 ft) 2013 Skyscraper Residential and commercial   China Shenzhen 2030 (cancelled in 2019) The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
City Tower 462 m (1,516 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed use   Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City 2022 (cancelled 2017) The 462 m tall, 86 story, Empire City Tower was cancelled in 2017.
The Hyperboloid 455 m (1,493 ft) 1956 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate   United States New York City 1959 (cancelled 1957) The 108 story Hyperboloid designed by I. M. Pei was cancelled in 1957. Now built as the Metlife Tower.
Brisbane Central Tower 450 m (1,480 ft) 1987 Skyscraper Unknown   Australia Brisbane 1987 (cancelled in 1993)
Minuzzo Tower 450 m (1,480 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Unknown   Australia Brisbane 1993 (cancelled in 1995)
Twin Towers 2 450 m (1,480 ft) 2004 Skyscraper Office, observation, communication   United States New York City 2018 (cancelled in 2010)
CBD-1 445 m (1,460 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Unknown   Australia Sydney 1995 (cancelled in 1997)
Psary, Poland broadcast tower 440 m (1,440 ft) 2009 Reinforced concrete and steel television tower DVB-T signal transmission   Poland Psary, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship undetermined At Bodzentyn, Poland a 440 metres tall tower is proposed for distributing DVB-T signals from the satellite station to TV broadcasting sites.[33] It will be, if built, the tallest man-made structure in Europe outside Russia.
Bank of the Southwest Tower 428 m (1,404 ft) 1982 Skyscraper Office   United States Houston (cancelled in 1984) The 86 story tower was cancelled in 1984 due to an oil bust in Texas.
Palace of Soviets 415 m (1,362 ft) 1932 Skyscraper Bureaucratic administrative center and conference hall   Soviet Union Moscow 1947 (cancelled 1942) The Palace of Soviets, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
The Monument to the Third International 400 m (1,300 ft) 1919 Grand Monument Conference hall, bureaucratic administrative center, information administrative center   Soviet Union Moscow None given During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1,312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but time & resource shortages as well as the social upheavals that resulted from the Russian Civil War, economic mismanagement, and political repressions halted the project.
London Millennium Tower 386 m (1,266 ft) 1996 Skyscraper Mixed Use   United Kingdom London Designed by Foster + Partners, for then owner Trafalgar House, the plan was for the building to be the tallest in Europe and the sixth-tallest in the world at that time.
Millennium Freedom Tower 376.8 m (1,236 ft) 1998 Observation tower Leisure and observation facilities   United States Newport, Kentucky 2000 (above ground construction never begun) The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[34]
Millennium Tower 369 m (1,211 ft) 1998 Skyscraper Mixed use   Germany Frankfurt Once completion, it would have been the tallest skyscraper in Germany, the European Union and Europe.
Watkin's Tower 358 m (1,175 ft) 1890 Iron latticed observation tower Leisure and retail real estate   United Kingdom Wembley 1894 (construction halted 1896) Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land and insufficient funds. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
Mole Littoria 330 m (1,080 ft) 1924 Skyscraper   Kingdom of Italy Rome
Scandinavian Tower 325 m (1,066 ft) 1997 Skyscraper Residential   Sweden Malmö 2004 The Scandinavian Tower was intended to be the tallest skyscraper in Europe.[35] It was abandoned in 2004 in favor of Malmö Tower.
Torre Bicentenario 300 m (980 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Commercial   Mexico Mexico City 2010 (cancelled in 2007) The Torre Bicentenario (Bicentennial Tower) was a skyscraper project planned for Mexico City. The inauguration date was planned to be September 16, 2010, which is the day of the 200th anniversary of the Mexican War of Independence, hence the building's name. The Torre Bicentenario was canceled in 2007.
World Science Tower N/A 1964 Guyed mast Leisure facilities   United States Larkspur, Colorado N/A The World Science Tower was going to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It would have had an amusement park at its base.
Volkshalle 290 m (950 ft)
with spire 320 m (1,050 ft)
 1937 Skyscraper Cultural and convention center   Nazi Germany Berlin 1950 (cancelled 1942) Huge domed monument building planned by Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer for Germania, the projected renewal of the German capitol Berlin.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts suggested building space elevator on equatorial floating platform located at the “lightning-free” zone within international waters off the coast of Ecuador, about 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) west of the Galapagos Islands.[3]

References

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  3. ^ a b Edwards, Bradley C. (2003). "The Space Elevator - NIAC phase II final report" (PDF). www.niac.usra.edu. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC). Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  4. ^ Lewis, Leo (22 September 2008). "Japan hopes to turn sci-fi into reality with elevator to the stars". The Times. London. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Lewis, Leo; News International Group; accessed 22 September 2008.
  5. ^ Xia, Zhang (17 November 2017). "China Shoots for Stars With Plans to Build Space Elevator by 2045". Yicai Global. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  6. ^ Artsutanov, Yu (1960). "To the Cosmos by Electric Train" (PDF). liftport.com. Young Person's Pravda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2006.
  7. ^ Isaacs, J. D.; A. C. Vine, H. Bradner and G. E. Bachus; Bradner; Bachus (1966). "Satellite Elongation into a True 'Sky-Hook'". Science. 151 (3711): 682–3. Bibcode:1966Sci...151..682I. doi:10.1126/science.151.3711.682. PMID 17813792. S2CID 32226322.
  8. ^ a b Meulenberg, Andrew; Karthik Balaji, P.S. (2011). "The LEO Archipelago: A system of earth-rings for communications, mass-transport to space, solar power, and control of global warming". Acta Astronautica. 68 (11–12). Elsevier BV: 1931–1946. arXiv:1009.4043. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.12.002. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 119271804.
  9. ^ Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - I", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 35, 1982, pp. 475–497. (see pdf) (Accessed 6 April 2016).
  10. ^ Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - II", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 36, 1982, 115. (pdf).
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  12. ^ PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985) Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b Quine, B.M.; Seth, R.K.; Zhu, Z.H. (2009). "A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether". Acta Astronautica. 65 (3–4): 365–375. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.550.4359. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.02.018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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  15. ^ These futuristic cities are housed inside a single, gigantic building
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  19. ^ Bos, Maaike (20 March 2022). "Waarom de berg van Thijs Zonneveld in de Nederlandse polder er nooit kwam" [Why Thijs Zonneveld's mountain in de Dutch polder never came to be]. Trouw (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  20. ^ "Top 8 Skyscrapers That Will Push the Limits of Design". Popular Mechanics. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  21. ^ Mafi, Nick (3 February 2016). "This Is What Tokyo Will Look Like in 2045—Including Its Mile-High Skyscraper". Architectural Diges. Condé Nast. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  22. ^ "World's Tallest Building May Be In Azerbaijan". Huffington Post. 3 February 2012.
  23. ^ "Murjan Tower 1, Manama". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ "Europa Tower". 25 May 2018.
  25. ^ http://www.arquitectura-tecnica.com/cercha/pdf/19.pdf (Page 12)
  26. ^ "KORAIL Tower, Seoul, South Korea | Emporis.com". Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  33. ^ "Kielce: Najwyższa w Polsce budowla powstanie w Górach Świętokrzyskich! Wieża będzie miała 440 metrów wysokości i na stałe zmieni krajobraz - 20 lipca 2010". 20 July 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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  35. ^ "Scandinavian Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
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