The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act (1957) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to regulate the mining sector in India. It was amended in 2015 and 2016. This act forms the basic framework of mining regulation in India.[1]
| Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act | |
|---|---|
| Parliament of India | |
| |
| Citation | Act 67 of 1957 |
| Enacted by | Parliament of India |
| Enacted | 28 December 1957 |
| Amended by | |
| 1958, 1960, 1972, 1978, 1986, 1994, 1999, 2010, 2015 | |
| Status: In force | |
This act is applicable to all minerals except minor minerals and atomic minerals. It details the process and conditions for acquiring a mining or prospecting licence in India. Mining minor minerals comes under the purview of state governments.[1] River sand is considered a minor mineral.[2] For mining and prospecting in forest land, prior permission is needed from the Ministry of Environment and Forests.[3]
Amendments
edit2015
edit| The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 | |
|---|---|
| Parliament of India | |
| |
| Citation | Act No 10 of 2015 |
| Passed by | Lok Sabha |
| Passed | 3 March 2015 |
| Passed by | Rajya Sabha |
| Passed | 20 March 2015 |
| Assented to | 26 March 2015 |
| Commenced | 12 January 2015[4] |
| Legislative history | |
| First chamber: Lok Sabha | |
| Bill citation | 18-C of 2015 |
| Introduced | 24 February 2015 |
| Repeals | |
| Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015 | |
| Status: In force | |
The act was amended by The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 replacing the ordinance promulgated on 12 January 2015.[5][6] The bill sought to bring transparency to the allocation of mining licence process by auctions.[7] It was passed in the Lok Sabha on 3 March 2015 and in the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 2015.[7][8]
In November 2014, the draft of the bill was released for public comments.[9] On 12 January 2015, Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015, was approved by the President of India. It was the 7th ordinance by the National Democratic Alliance government since it took power in May 2014.[5] The bill to replace the ordinance was introduced in the Parliament on 23 February 2015.[10]
On 16 May 2014, the Supreme Court of India cancelled licences of 26 mines in Odisha state. These mines were being operating even though the state had not given them renewal leases. The state was given 6 months to resolve the issues. During this period, Odisha renewed 8 leases.[11] On 6 January 2015, the Government of Odisha decided to auction its remaining non-coal mining leases awaiting renewal.[12][13] The state was granted 2 more months on 23 February to decide. However, introduction of the bill delayed Odisha's plans of auction.[11]
The amendment seeks to introduce a system of auctions to allocate mining licenses. A fixed percentage to the revenue of any mine will be allocated to development of the area around it, to be called a District Mineral Foundation. The state government will set the rates and it will be in addition to the royalty.[9][14] A National Mineral Exploration Trust will be set up to explore and promote non-coal minerals. It will have a starting fund of ₹500 crore and will be funded by a 2% levy from mining license holders.[15]
The licences will have a validity of 50 years, compared to the previous 30 years. There will be no renewal of licences, only re-auction.[7][9] The bill contains a new license for prospecting-cum-mining, replacing a two-stage process.[16] The mining and prospecting-cum-mining licences may be transferred to another party by notifying the state government. The state government may charge a fees for such transfers.[9] Notified minerals like iron ore, limestone, manganese, and bauxite, will not require a prospecting licence. The mining licence will be auctioned. For non-notified minerals, a prospecting-cum-mining licence will be required.[17]
The amendment will make illegal mining, trespassing and violation of norms, cognisable offences punishable by 2 years imprisonment and/or fine. The state government will be allowed to set up special courts for such trials.[17]
Criticism
editIn January 2015, after the ordinance was signed, a mining industry lobby group Society of Geo-scientists and Allied Technologists (SGAT) said that the prospecting-cum-mining was useless as no one would apply for such a licence unless they had found a proven reserve by prospecting first.[16]
In March 2015, during the session in which the bill was tabled, the central government did accept the changes proposed some opposition members, some of whom staged a walk-out.[18] Biju Janata Dal (BJD) political party of Odisha said that the bill infringes on the rights of state governments. The view was supported by Indian National Congress and All India Trinamool Congress party.[7] Kariya Munda of BJP said that provisions for the tribals displaced by mines should be made. Tathagata Satapathy of BJD also voiced similar concerns. The period of validity of licences was criticised as being too long at 50 years.[18]
2016
editThe Union Cabinet of India approved amendments in March 2016. The amendment will allow transfer of captive mining leases not granted through auction. Transfer of captive mining leases, granted otherwise than through auction, would allow mergers and acquisitions of companies and facilitate ease of doing business for companies to improve profitability and decrease costs of the companies' dependent on supply of mineral ore from captive leases. The transfer provisions will also facilitate banks and financial institutions to liquidate stressed assets where a company or its captive mining lease is mortgaged.[19]
2024
editThe Supreme Court bench of nine members ruled that taxation powers on minerals and ores is exclusive domain of state governments. However, Parliament can impose upper bar to limit the taxation by states. MMDR Act is nothing to do with tax collection by the Union. It also ruled that royalty, which is in the domain of states, is not a tax .[20] The power of states' taxation can extend on atomic minerals and dangerously inflammable resources (oil, natural gas, etc) covered in non-taxation (general) entries 6 and 53 of Union List respectively. However, the verdict while interpreting entry 54 of the union list, has not clarified what is public interest and when or how long it is to be applied.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Ibp Usa (20 March 2009). India Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4387-2292-4. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ D. Padmalal; K. Maya (2014). Sand Mining: Environmental Impacts and Selected Case Studies. Springer. p. 128. ISBN 978-94-017-9144-1. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Alyson Warhurst; Maria Ligia Noronha (17 September 1999). Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning. CRC Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-56670-365-9. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015" (PDF). E-Gazette. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Ordinance on mines, ninth by NDA govt". The Hindu. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "A quick guide to the Bills in Parliament". The Hindu. 2 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Lok Sabha passes changes to Mines and Minerals Act". Business Standard. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Parliament passes Mines and Minerals, Coal Mines Bill". Zee News. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Govt plans to issue mineral mining licences via auctions". 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Land and Coal Bills introduced in Lok Sabha". The Hindu. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Mining law ensures auction cannot take off in Odisha". Business Standard. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Naveen Patnaik outsmarts Centre on mines auction issue". DNA India. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Odisha to auction mine leases except coal". Business Standard. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Union govt to create District Mineral Foundation in mining-affected areas". The Hindu. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Govt to seed mineral trust with Rs500 cr". The Indian Express. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Auction of mining leases not useful without proven reserves, says SGAT". Business Standard. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Proposed mines Bill for hefty penalty for violators". Live Mint. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ a b "LS Passes Mines and Minerals Bill Amid Oppn Walkout". The New Indian Express. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Amendment to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957", Business Standard, 10 March 2016
- ^ Supreme Court judgement on Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 25 July 2024, retrieved 29 July 2024
External links
edit- "Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (No. 67 of 1957)" (PDF). Ministry of Mines (India). May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2015.