Wikipedia

Slavery in the 21st century

(Redirected from Modern day slavery)
"Modern slavery" redirects here. For the song by Travis Scott and Quavo, see Modern Slavery (song).

Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to occur in present-day society. Estimates of the number of enslaved people today range from around 38 million[1] to 49.6 million,[2][3][4] depending on the method used to form the estimate and the definition of slavery being used.[5] The estimated number of enslaved people is debated, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery;[6] those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available.

The prevalence of modern slavery as percentage of the population, by country according to Global Slavery Index by the Walk Free Foundation.

The International Labour Organization[7] estimates that, by their definitions, over 40 million people are in some form of slavery today. Some 24.9 million people are in forced labor, of whom 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture,[8] 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million people in forced labour imposed by state authorities.[8] An additional 15.4 million people are in forced marriages.

Definition

edit

The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, an agency of the United States Department of State, says that "'modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and 'human trafficking' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion". Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 and the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor".[9]

According to American professor Kevin Bales, co-founder and former president of the non-governmental organization and advocacy group Free the Slaves, modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation".[10] The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children. According to this definition, research from the Walk Free Foundation based on its Global Slavery Index 2018 estimated that there were about 40.3 million slaves around the world.[10][11] In another estimate that suggests the number is around 13 million, it is estimated that around 12.3 million of these contemporary slaves are children.[3]

Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from NGOs.[10]

Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice for enslavers, despite the ethical concerns. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the disposability of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly.[12]

Causes

edit

Since slavery has been officially abolished, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labour, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that the 'market' for exploitative labour is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such basic transactions do still occur, in contemporary cases people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.[13]

Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of poverty. In countries that lack education and the rule of law, poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations.[14]

In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter.[according to whom?]

Modern slavery can be quite profitable,[15] and corrupt governments tacitly allow it, despite its being outlawed by international treaties such as Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery and local laws. Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $150 billion,[16] though profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of US$40,000 in today's money.[17] Today, a slave can be bought for $90–$100.[18]

Bales explains, in the context of modern slavery, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."[19]

Types

edit

Slavery by descent and chattel slavery

edit
See also: Slavery in contemporary Africa
Main articles: Chattel slavery and Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom

Slavery by descent, also called chattel slavery, is the form most often associated with the word "slavery". In chattel slavery, the enslaved person is considered the personal property (chattel) of someone else, and can usually be bought and sold. It stems historically either from conquest, where a conquered person is enslaved, as in the Roman Empire or Ottoman Empire, or from slave trading, as in the Saharan or Atlantic slave trades.[20]

Since the 2014 Civil War in Libya, and the subsequent breakdown of law and order, there have been reports of enslaved migrants being sold in public, including open slave markets in the country.[21]

Mauritania has a long history with slavery. Chattel slavery was formally made illegal in the country but the laws against it have gone largely unenforced. It is estimated that around 90,000 people (over 2% of Mauritania's population) are slaves.[22]

Debt bondage can also be passed down to descendants, like chattel slavery.

Those trapped in the system of sexual slavery in the modern world are often effectively chattel, especially when they are forced into prostitution.

Government-forced labor

edit

Government-forced labor, also known as state-sponsored labor, is defined by the International Labour Organization as events "which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities."[23] When the threats come from the government the threats can be much different. Many governments that participate in forced labor shut down their connections with the surrounding countries to prevent citizens from leaving.

In North Korea, the government forces many people to work for the state, both inside and outside North Korea itself, sometimes for many years. The 2018 Global Slavery Index estimated that 2.8 million people were slaves in the country.[24] The value of all the labor done by North Koreans for the government is estimated at US$975 million, with dulgyeokdae (youth workers) forced to do dangerous construction work, and inminban (women and girl workers) forced to make clothing in sweatshops. The workers are often unpaid.[25] Additionally, North Korea's army of 1.2 million conscripted soldiers is often made to work on construction projects unrelated to defense, including building private villas for the elite.[25] The government has had as many as 100,000 workers abroad.[26]

In Eritrea, an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people are in an indefinite military service program which amounts to mass slavery, according to UN investigators. Their report also found sexual slavery and other forced labor.[27]

Government-forced labor comes in different forms, as governments have also been known to participate in forced-labor practices that do not include military service. In Uzbekistan, for example, the government coerces students and state workers to harvest cotton, of which the country is a main exporter, every year, forcing them to abandon their other responsibilities in the process.[28] In this example the use of students, including those in primary, secondary, and higher education, means that child labor is also prominent.[29] Uzbekistan's government has worked to reduce the forced labor in recent years, and in March 2022 a major boycott of Uzbek cotton was lifted, upon reports that coerced labor had been almost eliminated.[30][31][32]

Prison labor

edit
Main article: Penal labour
 
Neixiang Yamen Jail - Forced Labor

In 1865, the United States ratified the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted",[33] providing a legal basis for slavery, now referred to as penal labor, to continue in the country.[34] Historically, this led to the system of convict leasing which still primarily affects African-Americans. The Prison Policy Initiative, an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population at being 2.3 million individuals,[35] and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion.

 
Map of US states where slave prison labor is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022[36]
  permitted
  forbidden
  no mention in constitution

In Texas, Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas, prisoners are not paid at all for their work.[37] In other states, prisoners are paid between $0.12 and $1.15 per hour (as of 2013).[38] Federal Prison Industries paid inmates an average of $0.90 per hour in 2017.[34] Inmates who refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into solitary confinement,[39] or have family visitation revoked.[40] From 2010 to 2015[41] and again in 2016[42] and in 2018,[43] some prisoners in the US refused to work, protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement.[44][45]

Forced prison labor occurs in both public/government-run prisons and private prisons. CoreCivic and GEO Group constitute half of the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $3.5 billion in 2015.[46] The value of all the labor done by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions.[47] In California in 2018, 2,500 incarcerated workers fought wildfires for $1 per hour through the CDCR's Conservation Camp Program, which saved the state as much as $100 million a year.[48]

In China's system of labor prisons (formerly called laogai), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently house between 500,000 and 2 million prisoners,[49] and to have caused tens of millions of deaths.[50] In parallel with laogai, China operated the smaller re-education through labor system of prisons up until 2013.[51] In addition to both of these, China is also operating forced labor camps in Xinjiang, imprisoning hundreds of thousands (possibly as many as a million) of Muslims, Uyghurs, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities and political dissidents.[52][53]

In North Korea, tens of thousands of prisoners may be held in forced labor camps. Prisoners suffer harsh conditions and have been forced to dig their own graves[54] and to throw rocks at the dead body of another prisoner.[55] At Yodok Concentration Camp, children and political prisoners were subject to forced labor.[55] Yodok closed in 2014 and its prisoners were transferred to other prisons.[56]

In the UK, there are three key types of prison labour. First, prisoners can be made to maintain the jail—for example cleaning, maintenance, or working in the kitchens. Second, prisoners have the option to do mundane/repetitive work for external companies; this includes tasks such as bagging nails and packing boxes. Finally, prisoners can work in specialist workshops run by third parties, in which the prisoners can do tasks such as building window-frames, graphic design and other tasks requiring some form of machinery.[57] A 2013 report suggest prisoners in the UK can earn as little as £10 for a 40-hour week's worth of work.[58]

In Australia, prison labour occurs in at least New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory. Some prisoners work for private companies. As of 2017, in NSW some are paid as little as $0.82 per hour, while in the NT some are paid as much as $16 per hour (compared to $35 per hour for a regular union employee in the same job).[59][60]

Bonded labor

edit
See also: Debt bondage in India

Bonded labor, also known as debt bondage and peonage, occurs when people give themselves into slavery as a security against a loan or when they inherit a debt from a relative.[61] The cycle begins when people take extreme loans under the condition that they work off the debt. The "loan" is designed so that it can never be paid off, and is often passed down for generations. People become trapped in this system working ostensibly towards repayment though they are often forced to work far past the original amount they owe. They work under the force of threats and abuse. Sometimes the debts last a few years, and sometimes the debts are even passed onto future generations.[62]

Bonded labor is used across a variety of industries in order to produce products for consumption around the world.[61] It is most common in India, Pakistan and Nepal.

In India, the majority of bonded laborers are Dalits (Untouchables) and Adivasis (tribespeople).[62] Puspal, a former brick kiln worker in Punjab, India, stated in an interview to antislavery.org; "We do not stop even if we are ill – what if our debt is increasing? So we don't dare to stop."[63] In India, when compared to the price of land, paid labor or oxen, the price of slaves is currently 95% less than it was in the past. [citation needed]

Forced migrant labor

edit
Main article: Migrant worker § Exploitation and enslavement of migrant workers

People may be enticed to migrate with the promise of work, only to have their documents seized and be forced to work under the threat of violence to them or their families.[64] Undocumented immigrants may also be taken advantage of, as without legal residency they often have no legal recourse. Along with sex slavery, this is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy countries such as the United States, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East.

In the United Arab Emirates, some foreign workers are exploited and more or less enslaved. The majority of the UAE resident population are foreign migrant workers rather than local Emirati citizens, with there being over 1.7 million migrant workers, making up 90% of the constructive workforce.[65] The country has a kafala system, which is associated with outdated laws and procedures, which ties migrant workers to local Emirati sponsors with very little government oversight. This has often led to forced labor and human trafficking.[66] As of 2017, the UAE is pushing towards a better labor system as it has recently passed laws to protect the rights of domestic workers.[67]

Allegations of forced migrant labor have been highlighted within the preparations of stadiums for the Qatar FIFA 2022 World Cup.[65] There have been over 6,500 recorded migrant deaths during the construction of the stadiums.[68] Amnesty International researched into the construction of the stadiums and found 3,200 migrant workers work on the stadiums everyday, in which at least 224 of them have reported abusive and exploitative behaviour.[65] Workers reported issues of expensive recruitment fees, poor living conditions, false salaries, delayed payments of salary, being unable to leave the stadium or camp, being unable to leave the country or change jobs, being threatened, and most importantly forced labour.[69]

In October 2019 Qatar abolished Kafala system and introduced basic minimum wage and wage protection system for migrant workers. Under these reforms workers can change jobs without employer's permission and are now paid basic minimum wage regardless of their nationality. The basic minimum wage is set to 1,000 QAR and allowances for food and accommodation must be provided by employers which is 300 QAR and 500 QAR respectively. Moreover, Qatar introduced a wage protection system to ensure the employers are complying with the reforms. The wage protection system monitors the workers in the private sector. This new system has reduced wage abuses and disputes among migrant labours.[70]

Additionally in the UK two individuals in Kent were found guilty of trafficking six Lithuanian men.[71] They were forced to work back to back 8 hour shifts as chicken catchers. Further investigations into this highlighted that the farms these individuals were working at were supplying eggs to large supermarket chains such as Tesco's, Asda and M&S.[71] Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the United Kingdom and forced to work in illegal cannabis farms. When police raid the cannabis farms, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison.[72][73]

In the United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010 New York State Fair, 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico were forced to work in a food truck. and essentially enslaved by their employer.[74] The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they quit their job, as this would be a violation of their visas.[75] A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed Operation Blooming Onion revealed that a years-long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern Georgia. The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water.[76]

Reports of migrant abuse and neglect surfaced in Kenya in early September 2022, when pictures of a frail looking young Kenyan worker from Saudi Arabia, Diana Chepkemoi went viral. Following growing pressure from the public, the government repatriated Chepkemoi along with a few other domestic workers facing a similar fate in the Kingdom. Among those rescued was Joy Simiyu, who went to Saudi Arabia to work as a domestic help, but within months returned to Kenya with a harrowing but known tale of abuse by her employer. According to reports, migrant housekeepers complained of being subjected to physical, mental as well as sexual abuse while working in the Gulf state.[77]

Sex slavery

edit
Main articles: Sexual slavery and forced prostitution
 
The Slave Market, by Jean-Léon Gérôme

Along with migrant slavery, forced prostitution is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy regions such as the United States, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. It is the primary form of slavery in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly in Moldova and Laos. Many child sex slaves are trafficked from these areas to the West and the Middle East. An estimated 20% of slaves to date are active in the sex industry.[78] Sexual exploitation can also become a form of debt bondage when enslavers insist that victims work in the sex industry to pay for basic needs and transportation.[79]

In 2005, the Gulf Times reported that boys from Nepal had been lured to India and enslaved for sex. Many of these boys had also been subject to male genital mutilation (castration).[80]

Many of those who become victims of sex slavery initially do so willingly under the guise that they will be performing traditional sex work, only to become trapped for extended periods of time, such as those involved in Nigeria's human trafficking circuit.[81]

Forced marriage and child marriage

edit
Main articles: bride-buying, child marriage, and forced marriage
 
Illustration from the book The Child Slaves of Britain. Child slavery and forced labor continues to be a problem in the 21st century

Mainly driven by the culture in certain regions, early or forced marriage is a form of slavery that affects millions of women and girls all over the world. When families cannot support their children, the daughters are often married off to the males of wealthier, more powerful families. These men are often significantly older than the girls. The females are forced into lives whose main purpose is to serve their husbands. This often fosters an environment for physical, verbal and sexual abuse.

Forced marriages also happen in developed nations. In the United Kingdom there were 3,546 reports to the police of forced marriage over three years from 2014 to 2016.[82]

In the United States over 200,000 minors were legally married from 2002 to 2017, with the youngest being only 10 years old. Most were married to adults.[83] Currently 48 US states, as well as D.C. and Puerto Rico, allow marriage of minors as long as there is judicial consent, parental consent or if the minor is pregnant.[84][85] In 2017–2018, several states began passing laws to either restrict child marriage[86][87][88] or ban it altogether.[89]

Bride-buying is the act of purchasing a bride as property, in a similar manner to chattel slavery. It can also be related to human trafficking.

Child labor

edit
See also: child labour, restavec, and children in the military

Children comprise about 26% of the slaves today.[78] Although children can legally engage in certain forms of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations; although child labor isn't considered slavery, it inevitably hinders their education.[90] Forced begging is a common way that children are forced to participate in labor without their consent. Most are domestic workers or work in cocoa, cotton or fishing industries.[91] Many are trafficked and sexually exploited. Forced child labor is the dominant form of slavery in Haiti.[92]

In war-torn countries, children have been kidnapped and sold to political parties to use as child soldiers.[93] Child soldiers are children who may be trafficked from their homes and forced or coerced by armed forces. The armed forces could be government armed forces, paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups. While in these groups the children may be forced to work as cooks, guards, servants or spies.[94] It is common for both boys and girls to be sexually abused while in these groups.

Situations where young people work in unpaid internships have been likened to modern slavery.[95]

Fishing industry

edit
See also: Human trafficking in Thailand § Fishing industry trafficking
 
A Thai fishing vessel. Workers can be kept on the ships for years.[96]

According to Human Rights Watch, Thailand's billion-dollar fish export industry remains plagued with human rights maltreatment in spite of government vows to stamp out servitude in its angling industry.[97] Human Rights Watch conducted interviews with 248 fishermen, it documented the forced labor of trafficked workers in the Thai fishing industry.[98]

Trafficking victims are often tricked by brokers' false promises of "good" factory jobs, then forced onto fishing boats where they are trapped, bought and sold like livestock, and held against their will for months or years at a time, forced to work grueling 22-hour days in dangerous conditions.[99] Those who resist or try to run away are beaten, tortured, and often killed.[100] This is commonplace because of the disposability of unfree laborers.

Despite some improvements, the situation has not changed much[101] since a large-scale survey of almost 500 fishers in 2012, that found almost one in five "reported working against their will with the penalty that would prevent them from leaving".[102]

Forced begging

edit
 
Girl begging for money in India

Victims of human trafficking can be made to beg on the streets with the earnings being given back to the traffickers.[103] It has been suggested many children across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are forced to beg on the streets.[104]

Forced fraud

edit
See also: Fraud factory

There are significant reports of forced fraud in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Myanmar, or Laos). Currently, forced fraud activities are mainly found in fraud factories or fraud parks, notably in Southeast Asian countries, which involve human trafficking and typically run by Chinese criminal gangs. Fraud factory victims are forced to scam internet users around the world into fraudulently buying cryptocurrencies or withdrawing cash, via social media and online dating apps. Trafficking victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ theft, organ harvesting or forced prostitution if they do not scam sufficiently successfully.[105][106]

Occupations

edit

In addition to sex slavery, modern slaves are often forced to work in certain occupations. Common occupations include:

  • Small-scale building work, such as laying driveways, and other labor.[107]
  • Car washing by hand[107]
  • Domestic servitude, sometimes with sexual exploitation.[107]
  • Nail salons (cosmetic). Many people are trafficked from Vietnam to the UK for this work.[107]
  • Fishing, mainly associated with Thailand's sea food industry.[108][109]
  • Manufacturing – Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs, licence plates, and body armour.[110]
  • Agriculture and forestry – Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to do farming and forestry work. See prison farm.
  • In North Korea, dulgyeokdae (youth workers) are often forced to work in construction, and inminban (women workers) are forced to work in clothing sweatshops.[25]

Signs that someone may have been forced into slavery include a lack of identity documents, lack of personal possessions, clothing that is unsuitable or has seen much wear, poor living conditions, a reluctance to make eye contact, unwillingness to talk, and unwillingness to seek help. In the UK, people are encouraged to report suspicions to a modern-slavery telephone helpline.[107]

The European Parliament condemned, 386 — 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the COVID-19 pandemic around the world as human trafficking and modern slavery.[111]

Trafficking

edit
Main article: Human trafficking

The United Nations have defined human trafficking as follows:

The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.[112]

According to United States Department of State data, as of 2013, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children [are] trafficked across international borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The data also illustrates that the majority of transnational victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation."[113] However, "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries, is a form of human trafficking that can be hard to track from afar". It is estimated that 50,000 people are trafficked every year in the United States.[114]

In recent years, the internet and popular social networking sites have become tools that traffickers use to find vulnerable people who they can then exploit. A 2017 Reuters report discusses how a woman is suing Facebook for negligence as she speculated that executives were aware of a situation that occurred back in 2012 where she was sexually abused and trafficked by someone posing as her "friend".[115] Social media and smartphone apps are also used to sell the slaves.[116]

In 2016, a Washington Post article exposed that the Obama administration placed migrant children with human traffickers;[117] they failed to do proper background checks of adults who claimed the children, allowed sponsors to take custody of multiple unrelated children, and regularly placed children in homes without visiting the locations. Several Guatemalan teens were found being held captive by traffickers and forced to work at a local egg farm in Ohio.

Organizational efforts against slavery

edit

Government actions

edit

In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US State Department's annual Trafficking In Persons Report assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country's problem but on the extent of governments' efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".[118]

The governments credited with the strongest response to modern slavery are the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, Portugal, Croatia, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Norway.[119]

In the United Kingdom, the British government passed the Modern Slavery Act 2015, supported by major reforms in the legal system instituted through the Criminal Finances Act 2017, effective from September 30, 2017. Under the latter act, there is transparency in regards to interbank information sharing with law enforcement agencies to help to crack down on money laundering agencies related to contemporary slavery. The Act also aims at reducing the incidence of tax evasion attributed to the modern slave trade conducted under the domain of the law.[120] Despite this, the government has been refusing asylum and deporting children trafficked to the UK as slaves. Several British charities have claimed this puts the deportees at risk of being subject to control by slavery gangs a second time, and deters child victims from coming forward with information.[121]

The British government has taken specific steps to ensure that modern slavery risks are identified and managed in government supply chains.[122][123] The government also initiated a nationwide campaign against modern slavery: the "Modern slavery is closer than you think" campaign.[124]

In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are North Korea, China, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Hong Kong, Central African Republic, Papua New Guinea, Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan.[119]

The highest court in UK stripped diplomats with a history of domestic worker abuse from claiming diplomatic immunity, saving them from compensatory claims. The July 2022 ruling concerned the case of a London-based Saudi diplomat, Khalid Basfar, who allegedly treated a Filipino staff member hired by him, to slavery, forcing her to wear a bell throughout the day to be available at for his "family's beck and call". The employee, Josephine Wong, was first hired by the Basfar household in November 2015 in Saudi Arabia and brought to the UK to work for him in August 2016. According to court's hearing, Wong was confined to the house except to take the rubbish out. She was allegedly subjected to incessant shouting, offensive names and given leftover food only. The court was requested to judge the issue and determine whether Basfar's treatment of Wong was protected by diplomatic immunity or not, if the case did amount to modern slavery. The concluded that Ms Wong's was a case of modern slavery.[125][126]

Private initiatives

edit

In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the Legatum Foundation, Humanity United and the Walk Free Foundation founded the Freedom Fund. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking.[127][128][129] BT also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners free the unseen.

Statistics

edit

Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US $150 billion each year.[130] The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.[131][132] As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million),[133] China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).[134]

Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,[135] UK,[136] Australia[137]). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions".[138] In March 2020, released British police records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.[139]

There is an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.[90]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery

edit

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an impact on the global supply chains including factories in Malaysia providing PPE to the NHS in the UK, and an influx of online clothing shopping, which has led factories in third world countries to rapidly expand to deal with the influx of demand.[140] A result, this rapid increase in demand for clothes and PPE has led to some companies using the pandemic as an excuse to exploit vulnerable workers, even forcing them to work through the pandemic, putting them at risk of contracting the disease.[140] The pandemic has led to multiple impacts across the globe.[141]

Creation of new risks and abuses for victims

edit

Self-isolation and social isolation is a major aspect of the pandemic, and it may increase the chances for young people being vulnerable to grooming and abuse due to a lack of contact with friends and family.[141] Ordinarily some Quranic schools in West Africa practice forced begging.[141] Since many of the pupils began to reside within the school premises due to the pandemic, they are subject to further abuse/punishment as a result of them not bringing in as much income.[141]

Wealthy families in Mauritania have exploited the pandemic as well, by firing Haratine domestic workers, or allowing them to work on the condition that they are confined within the workplace to avoid travel. This entraps the Haratine people, since if they do not take the work they starve, but if they continue to work they leave their families without resources.[141]

Increased susceptibility to slavery

edit

The use of lockdowns has been implemented to attempt to stop the spread of the virus. This has led to mass firings as a result of global brands cancelling orders resulting in factories shutting down.[142] By March 2020 over 1 million workers in Bangladesh were fired or suspended.[141] Workers in Cambodia, India, Myanmar and Vietnam have experienced similar problems. A lack of government support for citizens has led to an increase of human trafficking[143] as a result of people turning to bonded labour for survival.[141]

Increase in risk for migrant workers

edit

Victims of modern-day slavery are often hesitant to go to the authorities for help due to a fear of being criminalised, detained or deported rather than being treated as victims of a crime. Victims of modern-day slavery often live in cramped conditions in which the Covid virus can spread quickly.[141] This, along with the combination of being fearful to get help from the authorities such as the NHS, leads to victims catching diseases and potentially dying as a result.[141]

Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns

edit

Since most countries have adopted lockdowns, this has led to limited operations of anti-slavery organisations since people were not allowed to meet up during the lockdown. Anti-slavery support services and educational centres have also shut down as a result of the lockdown.[141]

Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK

edit

The Home Office has stated the number of suspected modern slavery victims in the UK has fallen for the first time in 4 years, as a result of the pandemic.[144] Officials say this is due to the restrictions implemented in the UK and an increase of self-isolation and businesses shutting.[144]

The national referral mechanism has recorded 2,871 referrals of potential modern day slavery victims in the 1st quarter of 2020, which is a 14% fall from the previous 3 months.[144] There has been an increase of child victims "partially driven"[144] by an increase of county lines.

Media

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Forced labour – Themes". Ilo.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  2. ^ Kelly, Annie (1 June 2016). "46 million people living as slaves, latest global index reveals". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  3. ^ a b "What is modern slavery?". Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  4. ^ "What is Modern Slavery? | Hope for Justice". hopeforjustice.org. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  5. ^ "Walk Free". The Minderoo Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  6. ^ Paz-Fuchs, Amir. "Badges of Modern Slavery". The Modern Law Review. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  7. ^ International Labour Organization (19 September 2017). "Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage". International Labour Organization. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  9. ^ "What is Modern Slavery?". Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  10. ^ a b c Maral Noshad Sharifi (8 June 2016). "Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven" [There are 45.8 million modern slaves]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  11. ^ Fudge, Judy (Fall 2018). "Slavery and Unfree Labour: The Politics of Naming, Framing, and Blaming". Labour – via ProQuest.
  12. ^ "Cost of slaves falls to historic low". CNN Freedom Project. CNN. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  13. ^ Nolan, Justine; Boersma, Martijn (September 2019). Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019). University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 9781742244631. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  14. ^ "Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  15. ^ Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
  16. ^ "Human Trafficking Numbers". Human Rights First. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  17. ^ "Slavery Today". Free The Slaves. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  18. ^ Batha, Emma (16 November 2017). "How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  19. ^ Bales, Kevin (March 2010). "Kevin Bales | Speaker | TED". www.ted.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  20. ^ "Human Trafficking". Liluye | by and for people with Great Spirit. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  21. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). "Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Unshackled Yet Far From Free, Former Slaves Struggle in Mauritania | Voice of America – English". www.voanews.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  23. ^ "The Meanings of Forced Labour". International Labour Organization. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  24. ^ "North Korea has 2.6 million 'modern slaves', new report estimates". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  25. ^ a b c Borowiec, Steven (6 October 2016). "North Koreans perform $975 million worth of forced labor each year". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  26. ^ Yoon, Dasl (20 December 2019). "North Korean Workers Flock Home as Sanctions Deadline Hits". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  27. ^ "As many as 400,000 enslaved in Eritrea, UN estimates". CBC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  28. ^ "End Uzbek Cotton Crimes". Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  29. ^ Bhat, Bilal Ahmad (1 May 2011). "Socioeconomic Dimensions of Child Labor in Central Asia". Problems of Economic Transition. 54 (1): 84–99. doi:10.2753/pet1061-1991540108. ISSN 1061-1991. S2CID 153335200.
  30. ^ Imamova, Navbahor (11 May 2022). "Uzbek Cotton Industry Greets End of 13-Year Global Boycott". VOA News. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  31. ^ Putz, Catherine (10 March 2022). "The Boycott of Uzbek Cotton is Over". The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labour and forced labour". International Labor Organization. March 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  33. ^ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  34. ^ a b "Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates". The Economist. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  35. ^ Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter. "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020". www.prisonpolicy.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  36. ^ Radde, Kaitlyn (17 November 2022). "Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated". NPR.
  37. ^ Walker, Jason (6 September 2016). "Unpaid Labor in Texas Prisons Is Modern-Day Slavery". Truthout. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  38. ^ "Time to Reckon with Prison Labor | Institution for Social and Policy Studies". isps.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  39. ^ "America's Slave Empire". Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  40. ^ Benns, Whitney (21 September 2015). "American Slavery, Reinvented". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  41. ^ Hedges, Chris (22 June 2015). "America's Slave Empire". Truthdig. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  42. ^ Speri, Alice (16 September 2016). "The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  43. ^ Lopez, German (22 August 2018). "America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states". Vox. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  44. ^ Pilkington, Ed (21 August 2018). "US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  45. ^ Fryer, Brooke (5 September 2018). "US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike". NITV News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  46. ^ "Capitalizing on Mass Incarceration: U.S. Growth in Private Prisons". The Sentencing Project. 2 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  47. ^ "The Uncounted Workforce : The Indicator from Planet Money". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  48. ^ "A New Form of Slavery? Meet Incarcerated Firefighters Battling California's Wildfires for $1 an Hour". Democracy Now!. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  49. ^ "Laogai Handbook" (PDF). The Laogai Research Foundation. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008. p. 6.
  50. ^ Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p. 338:

    By the general estimate China's prison and labor camp population was roughly 10 million in any one year under Mao. Descriptions of camp life by inmates, which point to high mortality rates, indicate a probable annual death rate of at least 10 per cent.
  51. ^ Moore, Malcolm (9 January 2014). "China abolishes its labour camps and releases prisoners". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  52. ^ "Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  53. ^ "Xinjiang's New Slavery". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  54. ^ Evans, Stephen (14 June 2017). "How harsh is prison in North Korea?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  55. ^ a b "'We were forced to throw rocks at a man being hanged': Prisoner exposes life inside notorious North Korea forced labour camp". The Independent. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  56. ^ "Camp 15 Gone But No Liberty for Prisoners". DailyNK. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  57. ^ "Prison Labour | Incarcerated Workers Organising Committee". iwoc.iww.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  58. ^ "Are Britain's Prisons Turning Into Slave Labour Factories?". www.vice.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  59. ^ "Sydney PC assembler using prison labour". crn.com.au. 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  60. ^ "Bed linen and boomerangs — the surprising products made by prisoners". news.com.au. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  61. ^ a b "Bonded Labor | Debt Bondage or Peonage – End Slavery Now". endslaverynow.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  62. ^ a b Network, Dalit Freedom. "Modern Slavery: Bonded Labor". Dalit Freedom Network. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  63. ^ "What is bonded labour?". Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  64. ^ Hodal, Kate; Chris Kelly; Felicity Lawrence (10 June 2014). "Revealed: Asian slave labor producing prawns for supermarkets in the US, UK". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2014. Fifteen migrant workers from Burma and Cambodia also told how they had been enslaved.
  65. ^ a b c "Qatar World Cup of Shame". www.amnesty.org. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  66. ^ "A Culture of Slavery: Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates – Human Rights Brief". 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  67. ^ "Is the Kafala System over in the UAE? Law Improving Domestic Worker Rights Approved". 26 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  68. ^ "Report Reveals More Than 6,500 Migrant Workers Have Died In Qatar's World Cup Prep". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  69. ^ "Qatar World Cup of Shame". www.amnesty.org. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  70. ^ "Qatar: Significant Labor and Kafala Reforms". Human Rights Watch. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  71. ^ a b "Court finds UK gangmaster liable for modern slavery victims". The Guardian. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  72. ^ Amelia Gentleman (25 March 2017). "Trafficked and enslaved: the teenagers tending UK cannabis farms". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  73. ^ Bridge, Rowan (17 August 2010). "Children work in 'cannabis farms'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  74. ^ Eisenstadt, Marnie (17 April 2011). "State fair vendor abused workers from Mexico". syracuse.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  75. ^ "Contract of employment" (PDF). media.syracuse.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  76. ^ Grinspan, Lautaro (3 December 2021). "'This has been happening for a long time': Modern-day slavery uncovered in South Georgia". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  77. ^ "'Modern-day slavery': Kenyan domestic workers tell of abuse in Saudi Arabia". The Guardian. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  78. ^ a b "Forced labour, modern slavery, and human trafficking". International Labour Organization. 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  79. ^ "Human Trafficking and Slavery in the 21st Century". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  80. ^ "Former sex worker's tale spurs rescue mission". Gulf Times. Gulf-Times.com. 10 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2010. I spent seven years in hell," says Raju, now 21, trying hard not to cry. Thapa Magar took him to Rani Haveli, a brothel in Mumbai that specialized in male sex workers and sold him for Nepali Rs 85,000. A Muslim man ran the flesh trade there in young boys and girls, most of them lured from Nepal. For two years, Raju was kept locked up, taught to dress as a girl and castrated. Many of the other boys there were castrated as well. Beatings and starvation became a part of his life. "There were 40 to 50 boys in the place," a gaunt, brooding Raju recalls. "Most of them were Nepalese.
  81. ^ "Nigeria's trafficking curse: the battle to dispel the black magic..." Reuters. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  82. ^ Thousands enslaved in forced marriages across UK, investigation finds Archived 2018-09-12 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
  83. ^ "13,000 children a year are married in America". The Independent. 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  84. ^ LII Staff (14 April 2008). "Marriage laws". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  85. ^ "California Marriage Age Requirements Laws". FindLaw. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  86. ^ "Arizona Sets Minimum Age for Marriage of Minors". 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  87. ^ "It's official: The marriage age is raised in NH – New Hampshire". Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  88. ^ Wulfhorst, Ellen (10 March 2018). "Florida approves limit, but not ban, on child marriage". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  89. ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (10 May 2018). "Delaware becomes first state to ban child marriage". Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  90. ^ a b "What is modern slavery?". Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  91. ^ "Human Trafficking Emily and Mary Clare". FlowVella. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  92. ^ "Slavery in a free land". www.ilo.org. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  93. ^ "Child Soldiers | Human Rights Watch". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  94. ^ "What is Modern Slavery?". www.state.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  95. ^ Anon (2017). "Unpaid internships likened to modern slavery in Lords debate". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Unpaid internships have been likened to a form of modern slavery
  96. ^ Hodal, Kate; Kelly, Chris; Lawrence, Felicity (10 June 2014). "Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  97. ^ Kelly, Annie (23 January 2018). "Thai seafood: are the prawns on your plate still fished by slaves?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  98. ^ "Thailand: Forced Labor, Trafficking Persist in Fishing Fleets". Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  99. ^ "A shocking look at Thailand's modern day slavery". Chiang Mai Citylife. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  100. ^ A Shocking Look at Thailand's Modern Day Slavery Archived 2018-05-15 at the Wayback Machine, Hilary Cadigan, Chiang Mai city news
  101. ^ "Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing". Yale. E360. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  102. ^ Supang Chantavanich et al., Employment Practices and Working Conditions in Thailand's Fishing Sector(Bangkok: ILO, 2013), p. 75.
  103. ^ "Trafficking into crime and begging". Anti-Slavery International. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  104. ^ "What does modern slavery look like?". BBC News. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  105. ^ Nagaraj, Anuradha; Wongsamuth, Nanchanok (14 November 2022). "Cyber criminals hold Asian tech workers captive in scam factories". The Japan Times. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  106. ^ Hunt, Luke (7 February 2023). "As Myanmar Coup Intensifies Regional Human Trafficking, How Will China Respond?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  107. ^ a b c d e Abda Khan (20 September 2017). "Modern slavery in the UK is inflicting misery under our noses every day". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  108. ^ "Thailand accused of failing to stamp out murder and slavery in fishing industry". The Guardian. 30 March 2017. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  109. ^ "Human Trafficking, Slavery and Murder in Kantang's Fishing Industry". Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF). Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  110. ^ "Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates". The Economist. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  111. ^ "El Parlamento Europeo calificó como trata de personas y esclavitud moderna a las misiones de médicos cubanos en el extranjero". infobae (in European Spanish). Infoabae. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  112. ^ martin.margesin. "What is Human Trafficking?". www.unodc.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  113. ^ "Introduction – Trafficking in Persons Report". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  114. ^ "Economics and Slavery" (PDF). Du.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  115. ^ "Woman sues Facebook, claims site enabled sex trafficking". Reuters. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  116. ^ Slave markets found on Instagram and other apps Archived 2019-11-02 at the Wayback Machine BBC, 2019
  117. ^ "Obama administration placed children with human traffickers, report says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  118. ^ "Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018". Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 29 January 2019. doi:10.18356/9805f543-en. ISBN 9789210475525. ISSN 2411-8443. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  119. ^ a b India Tops Global Slavery Index With 18.35 Million People Enslaved Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, Huffington Post
  120. ^ Criminal Finances Act 2017
  121. ^ Home Office refusing asylum to growing number of child slavery victims, figures show Archived 2018-08-15 at the Wayback Machine The Independent
  122. ^ Cabinet Office, Procurement Policy Note – Tackling Modern Slavery in Government Supply Chains: Action Note PPN 05/19 September 2019 Archived 24 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2 January 2021
  123. ^ Government Commercial Function,Tackling Modern Slavery in Government Supply Chains Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, published September 2019, accessed 2 January 2021
  124. ^ "Modern slavery". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  125. ^ "Diplomats who exploit domestic staff cannot rely on immunity, says UK supreme court". The Guardian. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  126. ^ "Basfar (Respondent) v Wong (Appellant) [2022] UKSC 20 On appeal from: UKEAT/223/19/BA". The Supreme Court UK. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  127. ^ Foundation, Humanity United; Legatum Foundation; Walk Free. "$100 Million Freedom Fund to Combat Modern-Day Slavery". www.prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  128. ^ Caspani, Maria (9 October 2014). "Campaigners launch first anti-slavery organizations database". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  129. ^ "Global Metrics | Our Impact | The Freedom Fund". Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  130. ^ Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour. International Labour Organization. 20 May 2014. ISBN 9789221287810. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  131. ^ "Global Slavery Index 2018: Highlights". Global Slavery Index. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  132. ^ Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. International Labour Organization. 19 September 2017. ISBN 978-92-2-130132-5. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  133. ^ worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-that-still-have-slavery
  134. ^ "Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? – World". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  135. ^ "SB 657 Home Page". State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney General. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  136. ^ Geng, Ruoqi; Lam, Hugo K.S.; Stevenson, Mark (10 March 2022). "Addressing modern slavery in supply chains: an awareness-motivation-capability perspective". International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 42 (3): 331–356. doi:10.1108/IJOPM-07-2021-0425. ISSN 0144-3577. S2CID 246695389.
  137. ^ Affairs, Home. "Modern Slavery Act 2018". www.legislation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  138. ^ Helmore, Edward (19 July 2018). "Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in US, report finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  139. ^ "UK police record 51% rise in modern slavery offences in a year". The Guardian. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  140. ^ a b "Research projects explore impact of COVID-19 on modern slavery". www.ukri.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  141. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Covid-19 and slavery: the five big impacts". Anti-Slavery International. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  142. ^ "Major apparel brands delay & cancel orders in response to pandemic, risking livelihoods of millions of garment workers in their supply chains". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  143. ^ Todres, Jonathan; Diaz, Angela (February 2021). "COVID-19 and Human Trafficking—the Amplified Impact on Vulnerable Populations | Pediatrics | JAMA Pediatrics | JAMA Network". JAMA Pediatrics. 175 (2): 123–124. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3610. PMID 32955557. S2CID 221826118. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  144. ^ a b c d "Coronavirus lockdown halts surge in UK slavery". the Guardian. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  145. ^ Manohla Dargis, "Review: '13TH,' the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars" Archived 2021-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, September 29, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017
  146. ^ Copied from the article 13th (film)
  147. ^ "Workers at Qatar's World Cup stadiums toil in debt and squalor". TheGuardian.com. 20 September 2022.
edit

Statistics

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&oldid=1257564285"