Mordechai "Modi" Alon (17 January 1921 – 16 October 1948) was an Israeli fighter pilot who with the formation of the Israeli Air Force in May 1948, assumed command of its first fighter squadron. Flying the Avia S-199, Alon participated in the IAF's first combat sortie on 29 May 1948, and on 3 June scored the IAF's very first aerial victories, downing a pair of Royal Egyptian Air Force C-47s over Tel Aviv.
Mordechai "Modi" Alon | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 17 January 1921 Safed, British Mandate for Palestine |
| Died | 16 October 1948 (aged 27) Herzliya Airport, Israel |
| Buried | Nahalat Yitzhack Cemetery, Tel Aviv |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom (1940–1945) Israel (1948) |
| Service |  Royal Air Force (1940–1945) Israeli Air Force (1948) |
| Years of service | 1940–1948 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Commands | 101 Squadron |
| Battles / wars | World War II 1948 Arab-Israeli War † |
Biography
editMordechai Alon was born in Safed on 17 January 1921, to Yaacov and Naomi Kalibansky, pioneers of the Second Aliyah. The family moved around several times before finally settling in Tel Aviv, where Alon attended the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium while secretly enlisting in the Haganah. After graduating Alon went off to serve in Kibbutz Degania Alef and in 1938 was among the founding members of Hanita.[1]
RAF service
editIn 1940 Alon enlisted in the Royal Air Force, heeding calls by the Jewish Agency for Israel for the Jews in Palestine to support the British war effort. Denied the chance to train as a fighter pilot, in November 1940 Alon attended the RAF's Wireless Operators course in Ismailia, qualifying as a Ground Wireless Operator.[1]
Persisting in RAF service, in August 1943 Alon was finally allowed to undertake RAF flight training. He began his training in Rhodesia on 24 November 1943, graduating on 22 December 1944. After several postings in Cairo and Italy, in August 1945 Alon was posted to an RAF squadron flying P-51 Mustangs out of RAF Ramat David. Growing tensions between British mandatory authorities and the Yeshuv, however, prompted the RAF to transfer Alon once again. Torn between conflicting loyalties, Alon shortly thereafter quit the RAF. On 31 January 1946, he returned to Palestine,[1] where he enrolled at the Technion, studying architecture.[2]
Sherut Avir and birth of the Israeli Air Force
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With the adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in November 1947, fighting erupted and Alon discontinued his studies. He enlisted with the Sherut Avir, the Haganah's nascent air service operating a collection of light aircraft, and in March 1948 was assigned command of its Tel Aviv Squadron.[2][3] Sherut Avir pilots were employed flying reconnaissance missions, supplied besieged and isolated settlements, escorted convoys and even occasionally participated in fighting. On 27–28 March Alon flew a number of bombing sorties in support of the beleaguered Nebi Daniel Convoy which had attempted to break the siege of Gush Etzion and was under attack by Arab irregulars. He also served as a liaison officer between the Sherut Avir and Jewish ground forces during April's Operation Nachshon, aimed at breaking the siege of Jerusalem.[4]
With the end of the British Mandate for Palestine fast approaching, the Yeshuv sought to bolster its capabilities for the inevitable clash with Israel's Arab neighbors and their regular armies. It therefore secured the purchase of 25 Avia S-199s, a Czechoslovak derivative of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109. Alon was in the first batch of Sherut Avir pilots sent to fly the new aircraft, and departed Sde Dov on 6 May 1948. He was soon flying the Avia at the Czechoslovak airfield at České Budějovice. On 15 May, however, Israel declared its independence and found itself under immediate attack, including aerial strikes undertaken by the relatively powerful Royal Egyptian Air Force. Although they had not undergone any sort of gunnery training on the new aircraft, the pilots demanded to return home. On 20 May, therefore, Alon and fellow pilots boarded a Douglas C-54B for the return flight to Israel.[5]
On 29 May the fledgling Israeli Air Force officially formed 101 Squadron, its first fighter squadron. Modi Alon was given command of the squadron, although Lou Lenart, a World War II veteran of fighting in the Pacific, was to command it in the air.[5] The squadron had received its first Avia on the night of 20–21 May 1948, and by 29 May, four aircraft had been secretly assembled in a hangar at Ekron. The IAF had intended to reveal the Israeli acquisition of fighter aircraft with an attack on the Egyptian air base at El Arish, but the desperate situation on the southern front, with an Egyptian column heading towards Tel Aviv, prompted a change of plans. Without their engines having been run before or their guns fired, Lenart, Alon, Ezer Weizman and Eddie Cohen took off late in the afternoon to attack Egyptian forces near Isdud, only about 10 miles away. Each dropped two bombs and strafed the enemy column. The aircraft inflicted only slight damage, losing one Avia S-199 and pilot (Cohen) to ground fire. Alon's aircraft was also damaged upon landing, but the sortie nevertheless bought Israeli forces enough time to halt the Egyptian advance.[5][6]
First kills
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Only one Avia S-199 (probably D-106[7]) was serviceable on 3 June 1948, when a pair of Egyptian C-47s and their two Spitfire escorts returned for their 16th bombing of Tel Aviv. Dozens of civilians had been killed in previous raids, and flying the IAF's sole combat aircraft, Alon engaged the four Egyptian aircraft. Swinging out to sea to get the sun behind him, Alon evaded the Spitfires and then pursued and shot down both bombers, scoring the first aerial victories of the Israeli Air Force. The event took place in sight of the astonished populace which was not aware of the existence of an Israeli fighter arm. The air force held a press conference which Alon attended, and its headquarters was subsequently flooded with gifts, flowers and alcohol for the pilot despite the wartime scarcity of such luxuries. Although Tel Aviv would yet witness raids by Egyptian fighter aircraft, no bombers were ever to appear over the city again.[6][8][9]
Lou Lenart left the squadron in early July, leaving Alon in sole command.[10] In the early evening of 18 July Alon scored his third victory, when a formation of three Avias returning from a ground attack mission encountered a pair of REAF Spitfire Mk. VCs. Alon maneuvered behind one of the Spitfires to down Wing Commander Said Afifi al-Janzuri.[6][11]
In late September 1948 Alon participated in Operation Velvetta, ferrying Czechoslovak Spitfires to Israel. Alon and fellow pilot Boris Senior burned too much of their fuel during one leg of the flight and were forced to land in Maritsa, Rhodes. The aircraft were impounded but both men released.[12]
Death
editAt 16:58 on 16 October 1948, Alon and Ezer Weizman took off from Herzliya to attack Egyptian forces operating in the vicinity of Isdud, not far from where both had participated in the squadron's combat debut in May. Returning to base, Alon had trouble lowering the plane's landing gear and consequently began flying violent maneuvers to try and force the wheels to lower. The Avia's engine started streaming white smoke and the aircraft began losing altitude before hitting the ground and bursting into flames, instantly killing Alon. He was survived by his wife, Mina, three months pregnant at the time.[13] Alon's daughter, Michal, would later serve her mandatory IDF service with 101 Squadron.
On 25 October, soon after Alon's death, the airfield at St. Jean, home to the IAF Flight Academy, was renamed "Camp Alon" in his honor. When the academy moved to Kfar Sirkin (former RAF Petah Tiqva) in 1949, so did the name.[14] The Tel Aviv neighborhood of Ramat HaTayasim (Hebrew: רמת הטייסים, lit. Pilots' Heights), established during the 1950s, was named after three fallen pilots renowned for their defense of the city – Modi Alon, Matityahu Sukenik and Aharon David Sprinzak. The latter two were killed on 4 June 1948, attacking an Egyptian flotilla off the Tel Aviv coast while flying a Fairchild Argus. A memorial to the three stands in a local public garden.
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit
- ^ a b c Moran (May 1987)
- ^ a b Moran (July 1987)
- ^ Cohen et al (1997), p. 145
- ^ Cohen et al (1997), pp. 276, 279, 296
- ^ a b c Yofe and Nyveen (2007), pp. 3–13
- ^ a b c Norton (2004), pp. 110–112
- ^ Yofe and Nyveen (2007), p. 94
- ^ Aloni (2001), p. 11
- ^ Yofe and Nyveen (2007), pp. 17–19
- ^ Yofe and Nyveen (2007), p. 40
- ^ Nordeen and Nicolle (1996), p. 97
- ^ Norton (2004), p. 116
- ^ Yofe and Nyveen (2007), p. 61
- ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 674–676
Bibliography
edit- Aloni, Shlomo (2001). Arab–Israeli Air Wars. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-294-6.
- Cohen, Avi; Eyal, Eli; Imbar, Ido (1997). The Roots of the Israeli Air Force 1913–1948 (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Defence. ISBN 965-05-0914-3.
- Cohen, Avi (2004). The History of the Israeli Air Force in the War for Independence. Volume III: October 1948 – July 1949 (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Defence. ISBN 965-05-1245-4.
- Moran, Meirav (May 1987). "Modi Alon: A Fallen Oak (pt. I)". Israeli Air Force Magazine (in Hebrew) (57). Israeli Air Force: 60–63.
- Moran, Meirav (July 1987). "Modi Alon: A Fallen Oak (pt. II)". Israeli Air Force Magazine (in Hebrew) (58). Israeli Air Force: 60–62.
- Nordeen, Lon; Nicolle, David (1996). Phoenix Over The Nile. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 335–340. ISBN 978-1-56098-626-3.
- Norton, Bill (2004). Air War on the Edge – A History of the Israel Air Force and its Aircraft since 1947. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-088-5.
- Yofe, Alex; Nyveen, Lawrence (2007). Avia S-199 in Israeli Air Force Service 1948–1950. White Crow Publications. ISBN 978-0-9774627-1-1.