A Moko Jumbie (also known as "Moko Jumbi", "Moko Jumbie", "Moko Jumby, Moko Zumbi or "Moko Jumbi") is a traditional stilt walker or spirit dancer ingrained in the cultural heritage of the U.S. Virgin Islands for over 200 years.[1] Originating from West African traditions, these cultural practices were introduced to the Caribbean islands by enslaved individuals during the 19th century. [2]
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Origin
editThe term "Moko" comes from Central Africa, where it is written as "Moko," symbolizing an healer. "Jumbie" is a term commonly used for entities across the Caribbean[3][4] and comes from the Kongo word "zumbi."[5] The name Moko Jumbie exemplifies the fusion of African and Caribbean influences within this spiritual dance practice.[5]
History
edit
Although stilt masquerades have historical significance across multiple Caribbean locales such as Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, St. Kitts-Nevis, and Trinidad and Tobago, they have come to be particularly associated with the U.S. Virgin Islands due to the efforts of local practitioners.[6] This tradition is prominently featured on the logo of the U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Tourism.[1][7][8]
More than a hundred years prior to 1952, when Carnival was revived as an annual event in St. Thomas, masqueraders would perform in the streets and visit people's homes on Christmas, New Year's Day, and other festive occasions such as Whitsun (also known as Whit, Whitsunday or Whit Sunday). Historically, the appearance of the Jumbie is considered a good omen.
The Moko Jumbie dancer is typically covered from head to toe in elaborate colorful garb, hats, gloves, and facial coverings. In the mid 1800s, the traditional costume in the U.S. Virgin Islands consisted of a European women's dress adorned with African motifs and layered petticoats. In the 1960s, prompted by numerous inquisitive onlookers attempting to peek beneath the dress and disrupting the dancers' balance, that trousers were incorporated into the contemporary costume.[citation needed]
Moko Jumbie performers dance atop stilts to festive music. Their displays blend athleticism with jumping-motions in elaborate choreographies. Jumbies are central to many festivals and celebrations and often seen at various Caribbean carnivals around the world.
The Moko Jumbie embodies more than just entertainment; it serves as a powerful symbol of spiritual protection and cultural heritage. The Orisha, Moko, comes from the various African cultures such as the Kongo (or Congo) and Nigeria, and from the Maasai people. He was revered as a guardian figure in African villages, whose towering stature granted him the ability to perceive malevolence before it was visible to ordinary individuals. With these influences, Moko Jumbies bestow blessings upon those in their presence, and ward off evil-spirits.[9]
Culturally, the Moko Jumbie acts as a beacon of cultural identity and pride. Beyond mere movement, the dance becomes a profound means of connecting with one's roots, preserving ancestral customs, and fostering a deep sense of belonging within Caribbean communities.
Present day
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Today, many Caribbean islands have adopted the festive ancestry of U.S. Virgin Islands, including Antigua, Bermuda, and Trinidad and Tobago, to uphold the tradition of Moko Jumbies as part of their vibrant local culture.[9] [10][11] [12]
Moko Jumbies are also embraced in the contiguous United States, notably by Caribbean-Americans who celebrating their heritage by incorporating these cultural dancers into their festivities.
Training programs dedicated to Moko Jumbie performance cater to the younger generations and provide them with opportunities to master the artistry and cultural significance of being a Jumbie. Through structured instruction and mentorship, aspiring performers learn the intricate techniques and historical context of spirit-dancing, ensuring the seamless preservation of a rich cultural heritage for future generations. [13][14]
Popular culture
editIn 2009, the U.S. Department of Tourism of the U.S. Virgin Islands embraced the Moko Jumbie as a cultural symbol, further emphasizing the tradition's deep-rooted history on the island.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b "Moko Jumbies: Cultural Ambassadors for USVI". Virgin Islands This Week. 2023-06-05. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
- ^ Bennett, S.A.; Phillips, Claire; Moore, Natalie (Jan 2009). "Moko Jumbies: Dancing Spirits from Africa". Arts & Activities. 144 (5): 24–25. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. (December 2023). "jumbie (n.)".
- ^ "History of Caribbean Moko Jumbie Stilt Walkers in St. Croix, Virgin Islands - Thrillist". www.thrillist.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ a b "Moko Jumbies: The enigmatic stilt walkers of the Caribbean". Our History. May 17, 2019. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
- ^ Nicholls, Robert W. (1999). "The Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands; History and Antecedents". African Arts. 32 (3): 49–96. doi:10.2307/3337709. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3337709.
- ^ "VI Department of Tourism". VI Department of Tourism. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ a b "Mocko Jumbie logo press release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
- ^ a b Solomon, Wendy (2010-10-18). "St. Croix Blog, The Mocko Jumbie: A Cultural Icons | GoToStCroix.com". | GoToStCroix.com. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ "Traditional Mas Characters - Moko Jumbie". www.ncctt.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ Farrell, Sylvin (October 18, 2022). "Mocko Jumbie Today". The Antigua & Barbuda Cultural Information System. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
- ^ "Bermuda International Gombey Festival Kicks off Next Week | Government of Bermuda". www.gov.bm. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ "@ School: Moko Jumbie Academy". St. Thomas Source. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ "About". MokoJumbie Yisrael. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-30.