Monodora tenuifolia is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to equatorial Africa.[2] George Bentham, the English botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its slender (tenui- in Latin) leaves (-folia in Latin).[3]
| Monodora tenuifolia | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | Monodora |
| Species: | M. tenuifolia
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| Binomial name | |
| Monodora tenuifolia | |
| Synonyms | |
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Description
editIt is a tree reaching 30 meters in height with dark grey to green bark. Its trunk and branches can have white lenticels. Its hairless, papery to leathery, elliptical to oval leaves are 6-21 by 2-7.5 centimeters. The tips of the leaves taper to a point, and the tapered portion is 5-10 millimeters long. The leaf bases wedge-shaped. The leaves are green on their upper surface and paler green on their lower surface. The leaves have 9-15 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its hairless petioles are 2-7 by 1-2 millimeters and have a groove on their upper surface. It has solitary flowers, positioned opposite from leaves, that hang down. Each flower is born on a light green, hairless pedicel that is 25-75 by 1-1.5 millimeters. The pedicels have a oval bract that is 55-60 by 10-30 millimeters. The base of the bract partially wraps the pedicel and its tip is rounded. The bracts are light green with red highlights at the tips and have wavy edges. The upper and lower faces of the bract are hairless, but the edges have short hairs. It has 3 oval, hairless, sepals are 10-35 by 4-16 millimeters. The sepals are green with red highlights. The sepals have flat bases, rounded to gradually narrowing tips and wavy edges. Its flowers have 6 petals in two rows of three. The outer petals are yellow-green with red-brown streaks. The hairless, oval outer petals are 30-90 by 25-30 millimeters. The outer petals have flat bases, rounded to pointed tips and very wavy margins. The hairless inner petals are 10-35 by 6-10 millimeters. The inner petals are white to green and streaked with reddish brown highlights. The inner petals have wedge-shaped bases and rounded to pointed tips. The inner petals have two distinctive hairy appendages that are 3-5 millimeters in length, positioned halfway up either margin. The inner petals have a basal claw below the blade. Its flowers have 10-13 rows of yellowish white stamen that are 0.8-1 millimeters long. The stamen filaments extend above the anthers to form a shield. Its carpels are fused forming an ovary wall that is 2-3 by 1.5 millimeters. Its green, hairless stigma are 2 millimeters in diameter. The fruit are born on a hairless, woody pedicels that are 3-7 by 3-4 millimeters. The hairless, round fruit are 4-7 by 4.5-7 centimeters. The fruit are green with light spots, smooth and covered in a distinctive grey-blue wax. The fruit have white pulp, and elliptical, smooth, light brown seeds that are 12-17 by 10-13 millimeters.[4][5][6]
Reproductive biology
editThe pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[7] Field observations suggest that it is pollinated by flies.[8]
Habitat and distribution
editIt has been observed growing in sandy soil in evergreen rain forests, gallery forests, deciduous forests, and savanna-like habitats at elevations from 0–800 meters.[4]
Uses
editIts seeds have been reported to be used as a supplemental food source, but it has questionable dietary value and is particularly low in lysine.[9] It is used as a traditional medicine, a fiber and wood source, and as an ornamental.[4]
References
edit- ^ Cosiaux, A.; Couvreur, T.L.P.; Erkens, R.H.J. (2019). "Monodora tenuifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T132683676A133046270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T132683676A133046270.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "Monodora tenuifolia Benth". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
- ^ Stearn, William (2004). Botanical Latin. Portland, Ore. Newton Abbot: Timber Press David & Charles. ISBN 9780881926279.
- ^ a b c Couvreur, Thomas L. P. (2009). "Monograph of the Syncarpous African Genera Isolona and Monodora (Annonaceae)". Systematic Botany Monographs. 87: 1–150. JSTOR 25592354.
- ^ Bentham, George (1861). "Notes on Anonaceae". Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany (in English and Latin). 5 (18): 67–72. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1860.tb01040.x.
- ^ Adam, Jacques-Georges (1971). Flore Descriptive Des Monts Nimba [Descriptive Flora Of The Nimba Mountains]. Mémoires du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Série B, Botanique (in French). Vol. 20. Paris: Editions du Museum.
- ^ Couvreur, Thomas L. P.; Botermans, Marleen; van Heuven, Bertie Joan; van der Ham, Raymond W. J. M. (2008). "Pollen morphology within the Monodora clade, a diverse group of five African Annonaceae genera". Grana. 47 (3): 185–210. Bibcode:2008Grana..47..185C. doi:10.1080/00173130802256913. ISSN 0017-3134.
- ^ Gottsberger, Gerhard; Meinke, Svenja; Porembski, Stefan (2011). "First records of flower biology and pollination in African Annonaceae: Isolona, Piptostigma, Uvariodendron, Monodora and Uvariopsis". Flora. 206 (5): 498–510. Bibcode:2011FMDFE.206..498G. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2010.08.005. ISSN 0367-2530.
- ^ Amubode, F (1984). "Amino acid composition of seeds of some lesser known tree crops". Food Chemistry. 13 (4): 299–307. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(84)90093-1. ISSN 0308-8146.