Monolingual fieldwork is the practice of conducting linguistic fieldwork solely through the target language under investigation, without the use of interpreters or a lingua franca. In this approach, the linguist attempts to acquire proficiency in the target language in order to communicate directly with native speakers.[1] Margaret Thomas writes that in monolingual approach it is "the linguist bears the burden of connecting the target language to the language(s) of analysis and of dissemination of research findings"; in the bilingual approach it is the native speaker who need to identify "equivalences across the target and contact languages, and communicating those equivalences to the linguist."[1]
The monolingual approach was advocated by linguist-anthropologist Franz Boas, who studied Native American languages,[1][2] in the early 20th century. Boas believed that gaining command of the language was essential for understanding the culture and worldview of the speech community. Nevertheless, Boas was not fluent in any language he studied and often used English as lingua franca. Edward Sapir, one of the best known student's of Boas, used only bilingual approach, even when he worked with Ishi, the last known speaker of the Yana language.[1] Leonard Bloomfield also used monolingual fieldwork, and even wrote some letters to his American colleague in Ojibwe.[1]
The monolingual approach was not very widespead, but gained some popularity in 1940s by "monolingual demonstrations". However, the use of interpreters and lingua francas became more common as linguistics grew more theoretical and removed from ethnography.[1]
Another school of linguistics that used monolingual approach was the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), a Christian missionary organization. Linguist Kenneth Lee Pike[3] was the president and central figure of the organization. SIL linguists sometimes spend years learning the languages in distant communities, with the goal to learn a language on a level needed to translate the Bible; SIL linguists "embraced, even insisted on, the challenges of monolingual fieldwork".[1]
Daniel Everett, who started his career at SIL, became the most notable proponent of monolingual fieldwork in the 1990s. He spent more than 20 years in Brazil, in the Amazonian jungles, studying Pirahã language.[1][4]
Further reading
edit- Bouquiaux, Luc; Thomas, Jacqueline M. C.; Bouquiaux, Luc (1992). Studying and describing unwritten languages. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-0883128145. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- Everett, Daniel L. (2012). "Monolingual field research". Linguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–188. ISBN 978-0-511-81020-6.
- Everett, Daniel (2006). Linguistic Fieldwork: A Student Guide (PDF). Illinois State University. Retrieved 11 June 2024. (2006 draft)
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Thomas, Margaret (31 December 2020). "The monolingual approach in American linguistic fieldwork". Historiographia Linguistica. 47 (2–3): 266–302. doi:10.1075/hl.00078.tho.
- ^ Sarvasy, Hannah (2016). Monolingual fieldwork in and beyond the classroom: The Logooli experience at UCLA. Proceedings of CLS 51. Chicago Linguistic Society. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nature of Field Work in a Monolingual Setting". SIL International. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés (2011). Monolingual field methods: Applying Everett's (2001) "Monolingual field research" to field training. 2nd ICLDC "Strategies for Moving Forward". Retrieved 11 June 2024 – via Academia.edu.
External links
edit- Language By Gesture, a televised 1966 example of one of Kenneth Lee Pike's "monolingual demonstrations"
- "Monolingual Fieldwork" Demonstration by Daniel Everett