Montreal was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada East. It was created in 1841 and included much of the city of Montreal. Its boundaries were specifically drawn by the British Governor General, Lord Sydenham, to include voters of British background, disenfranchising francophone Canadien voters, an example of an ethnic and linguistic gerrymander. Sydenham's purpose was to gain support in the Legislative Assembly for the new Province of Canada, which had merged the formerly separate provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada.
 Province of Canada electoral district | |
|---|---|
| Defunct pre-Confederation electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada |
| District created | 1841 |
| District abolished | 1861 |
| First contested | 1841 |
| Last contested | 1858 |
Twelve years later, in a redistribution of the electoral districts, the provincial Parliament re-drew the boundaries of the Montreal constituency, adopting the municipal boundaries of Montreal as the basis for the electoral district.
Montreal electoral district was a multi-member constituency. From 1841 to 1854, it was represented by two members in the Legislative Assembly. In 1854, an additional member was added, for a total of three members. The three-member constituency was abolished in 1861, when it was split into three single-member ridings.
Boundaries
editThe Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, merged the two provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.[1]
The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself.[2] Montreal was one of the electoral districts specifically defined by the Union Act. Prior to the Union Act, the Island of Montreal was divided into three electoral districts, called Montreal East, Montreal West, and Montreal County. The Act changed this situation by providing that the city of Montreal would be one district,[3] but gave the Governor General the power to set the boundaries for the district.[4] Any parts of the city which were not included in the boundaries set by the Governor General would be included in the adjoining electoral district,[4] namely a revised Montreal County.
The first Governor General, Lord Sydenham, exercised the power to draw boundaries by a proclamation issued shortly after the formation of the Province of Canada in early 1841.[5] His overall goal in drawing the boundaries was to ensure that supporters of the creation of the new Province of Canada would be elected.[6] The boundaries did not follow the normal municipal boundaries, rather being drawn along certain streets and geographic features.[5] This new electoral district was designed to exclude as many francophone Canadien voters as possible, and to include as many voters of British background as possible, since they generally supported the union. It was an example of an ethnic and linguistic gerrymander.[7] The areas of Montreal which were not included in the new electoral district instead were included in Montreal County. The result was the effective disenfranchisement of Montreal francophone voters in the 1841 election.[7]
In 1853, after the establishment of responsible government and local control, the provincial Parliament passed a statute to expand the number of seats in the Assembly and re-draw the boundaries. As part of that redistribution, the new boundaries for the Montreal electoral district were based on the municipal boundaries of the city, instead of the highly specific boundaries used by Sydenham.[8]
Members of the Legislative Assembly (1841–1861)
editThe Montreal electoral district was a multi-member seat. Under the Union Act, 1840, it was originally entitled to two members in the Legislative Assembly. In the 1853 redistribution, it was given an additional member, allowing it to return three members to the Legislative Assembly.[3][9]
The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly from Montreal. The party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly. "Party" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada.[10][11][12]
| Parliament | Members | Years in Office | Party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Parliament 1841–1844 |
Benjamin Holmes[a] | 
|
1841–1844
|
Unionist; Tory; Independent; then French-Canadian Group | ||
| George Moffatt[b] | 
|
1841–1843
|
Unionist; Government supporter | |||
| Pierre Beaubien[c] | 
|
1843–1844 (by-election)
|
French-Canadian Group | |||
| Lewis Thomas Drummond[d] | .jpg)
|
1844 (by-election)
|
French-Canadian Group | |||
| 2nd Parliament 1844–1847 |
George Moffatt |
|
1844–1847
|
"British" Tory | ||
| Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury | 
|
1844–1847
|
"British" Tory | |||
| 3rd Parliament 1848–1851 |
Benjamin Holmes |
|
1848–1851
|
"English" Liberal; French-Canadian Group; Ministerialist | ||
| Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine | .jpg)
|
1848–1851
|
French-Canadian Group; Ministerialist | |||
| 4th Parliament 1851–1854 |
William Badgley | 
|
1851–1854
|
Tory | ||
| John Young | 
|
1851–1854
|
Rouge | |||
| 5th Parliament 1854–1857 |
Antoine-Aimé Dorion | 
|
1854–1857
|
Rouge | ||
| Luther Hamilton Holton | _1.280_LUTHER_HAMILTON_HOLTON.jpg)
|
1854–1857
|
Rouge | |||
| John Young |
|
1854–1857
|
Rouge | |||
| 6th Parliament 1858–1861 |
Antoine-Aimé Dorion |
|
1858–1861
|
Rouge | ||
| Thomas D'Arcy McGee | 
|
1858–1861
|
Rouge | |||
| John Rose | 
|
1858–1861
|
Conservative | |||
Notes
edit- ^ Resigned seat on February 1, 1844: "Biography of Benjamin Holmes". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
- ^ Resigned seat on October 30, 1843: Côté, Political Appointments and Elections, p. 59, note (20).
- ^ Elected in by-election, November 22, 1843, filling vacancy caused by George Moffatt's resignation: Côté, Political Appointments and Elections, p. 59, note (21).
- ^ Elected in by-election, April 17, 1844, filling vacancy caused by Benjamin Holmes' resignation: "Biography of Lewis Thomas Drummond". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
Abolition
editMontreal electoral district was abolished in 1861, when it was replaced by three single-member districts, Montreal Centre, Montreal East, and Montreal West.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2.
- ^ Union Act, 1840, ss. 16, 18.
- ^ a b Union Act, 1840, s. 20.
- ^ a b Union Act, 1840, s. 21.
- ^ a b Proclamation, March 4, 1841. Reproduced in the Journal of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada, 1st Parliament, 1st Sess., vol. 1 (1841), pp. xiii–xiv.
- ^ Irving Martin Abella, "The 'Sydenham Election' of 1841" (1966), 47 Canadian Historical Review 326, at p. 327-328 [subscription needed].
- ^ a b Abella, "The 'Sydenham Election' of 1841", at p. 334.
- ^ An Act to enlarge the Representation of the People of this Province in Parliament, SProvC 1853, c. 152, s. 1(62) .
- ^ An Act to enlarge the Representation of the People of this Province in Parliament, s. 3.
- ^ J.O. Côté, Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860 (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860), pp. 43–58.
- ^ Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present.
- ^ Paul G. Cornell, Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 93–111.
- ^ An Act to amend the Act respecting the Representation of the People in the Legislative Assembly, SProvC 1860, c. 1, s. 2.