The Moore River Native Settlement[1] was the name of the now defunct Aboriginal settlement and internment camp located 135 kilometres (84 mi) north of Perth and 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of Mogumber in Western Australia, near the headwaters of the Moore River.
History
edit
The settlement was opened by the Government of Western Australia in 1918. It was originally intended to be a small, self-supporting farming settlement for 200 Aboriginal people, with schooling and health facilities available for the children and employment opportunities for the adults. The settlement was supposed to accommodate Aboriginal people drawn mainly from the Murchison, Midlands and south-west regions of Western Australia.
The ambition to turn the settlement into a farming community failed because the land was unsuitable for cultivation.[2] During the 1920s its purpose shifted; residents were usually brought there against their will as the camp attempted to fulfill the broader functions of orphanage, creche, relief depot and home for old persons, unmarried mothers, and the unwell. It also housed many "half-caste" (mixed-race) children. Many of the Aboriginal and mixed-race children were taken from their homes and sent to Moore River, usually against their will, as part of the Stolen Generations.
The Moore River Native Settlement was opened under the auspices of the Chief Protector of Aborigines, A. O. Neville. Neville came to this position completely inexperienced in Aboriginal affairs or any dealings with Aboriginal people. He was strongly guided by Rufus Henry Underwood. Neville adopted Underwood's anti-mission stance and between them developed the "native settlement scheme", devised to meet the varying demands of non-Aboriginal people, for their segregation from the wider community and the continuing need for Aboriginal labour. It was also meant to fulfil Neville and Underwood's determination to devise a solution involving an absolute minimum of expenditure.[3]
Settlement timeline
editThe below timeline is based in part on the chronology created by the Mogumber Heritage Committee and published in 1990 as part of their Pictorial Collection Exhibition
| Year | Event | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1905 | Aborigines Act (1905) passes WA Parliament | |
| 1915 | Neville appointed Chief Protector of Aborigines | in 1936 he becomes Commissioner for Native Affairs |
| 1917 | Government establishes the Moore River Native Settlement | |
| 1918 | First people arrive | Mitchell appointed camps first Superintendent |
| 1921 | Superintendent Major Campbell takes over | |
| 1924 | Campbell killed in car crash | |
| 1924 | Superintendent John Brodie takes over | |
| 1927 | Brodie sacked, A. J. Neal takes over | |
| 1928 | deputation speaks to Premier Philip Collier | [4] |
| 1929 | Depression starts | |
| 1933 | Northam people forcibly removed to the Moore River Native Settlement | |
| 1934 | Mosely Royal Commission | "to inquire into the allegations of maltreatment of aborigines generally, the State Aborigines Act, and the administration of the Aborigines department"[5] |
| 1936 | Aborigines Act in WA Parliament | changes arising from recommendations of the Mosely Royal Commission[6] |
| 1939 | A. J. Neal moves to Carrolup | |
| 1939 | Paget appointed superintendent | |
| 1940 | Neville retires | replaced by Bray |
| 1940's | frequent changes in superintendents | |
| 1949 | S G Middleton appointed Commissioner for Native Affairs | |
| 1950 | Planning for hand over to Methodist Church begins | |
| 1951 | becomes the Mogumber Native Mission | |
| 1967 | The 1967 Referendum allowed Aboriginal people to be counted in the Australian census. | |
| 1974 | closes |
Poor conditions
editThe camp population became increasingly mixed as Aboriginal people came in from various parts of the state, with some coming from as far away as the Kimberley and Pilbara. By the mid-1920s conditions in the institution had declined significantly as overcrowding and poor sanitation were the norm, with many health problems being reported amongst its population. From 1924, the settlement had an average population of 300 and its buildings were becoming dilapidated. By 1933 the Aboriginal population at the institution had risen to over 500, leading to greater deterioration in the conditions experienced. Between 1918 and 1952, 346 deaths were recorded at Moore River Native Settlement, 42% of which were children age 1–5.
Socially, Moore River Native Settlement practised strict segregation of the sexes and separated children from their parents under the dormitory system. Compound inmates were not allowed to leave without written permission. Absconding was a common problem as many tried to re-unite with family members living outside the settlement. To counter this practice, a small number of Aboriginal men were employed as trackers to apprehend absconders.
Name change
editIn 1951 the government handed control of the settlement to the Mogumber Methodist Mission, which renamed it Mogumber Native Mission.[7] A greater emphasis was placed by the new owners on Christian guidance and on the vocational training of youths than had existed when it was a government institution. The facility remained running until 1974, when it was taken over by the Aboriginal Land Trust. Currently the land is leased to the Wheatbelt Aboriginal Corporation, and is known as Budjarra.
Cultural and journalistic coverage
editSeveral plays, films and books have been produced which tell harrowing tales of life in the settlement:
- Aboriginal poet and playwright Jack Davis' play Kullark where an Aboriginal man named Thomas Yorlah is forcibly moved to the settlement and makes numerous attempts to escape. Along with this, in his play No Sugar, the entire Aboriginal population in Northam is sent to the settlement. Davis lived in the settlement in the 1920s.
- The book Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence by Doris Pilkington and its film adaptation (Rabbit-Proof Fence) tell the story of three Aboriginal girls who ran away from the settlement in 1931.
- The book Broken Circles by Anna Haebich provides a detailed description of stolen generation experience.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ note:also referred to as the Mogumber Prison."The Abo's Deputation". The Daily News. Perth: National Library of Australia. 10 March 1928. p. 6 Edition: FINAL SPORTING EDITION. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
- ^ Maushart, 2003, p. 114-5.
- ^ Haebich, 1988, p. ?
- ^ "ABORIGINES' GRIEVANCES". Kalgoorlie Miner. WA: National Library of Australia. 10 March 1928. p. 4. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
- ^ "TREATMENT OF ABORIGINES". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 24 January 1934. p. 8. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
- ^ "PITH OF PARLIAMENT". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 4 December 1936. p. 26. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
- ^ Ingram, J. R. (1966), Native education with special reference to the Mogumber Mission, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 13 December 2011
References
edit- Anderson, Hazel; Little, Ernestine; Wolfe, Wondy (1993), Nyoongar Yorgas remember : early days at Moore River Settlement, Green River Books, retrieved 27 September 2012
- Wadley Dowley, Carolyn (2000). Through silent country. Fremantle Arts Centre Press. ISBN 978-1-86368-281-7.
- Haebich, Anna (1988). For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia 1900–1940. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press.
- Manne, Robert. "The Colour of Prejudice". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
- Susan Maushart (2003), Sort of a place like home : remembering the Moore River Native Settlement (Rev. ed.), Fremantle Arts Centre Press, ISBN 978-1-920731-12-0