Morocco–Poland relations are bilateral relations between Morocco and Poland. Both nations are full members of the World Trade Organization, the Union for the Mediterranean and the United Nations.
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History
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There are several similarities between Morocco and Poland, as both countries were founded in the Middle Ages, both were middle powers in Northwest Africa and Central Europe, respectively, and both, at different times, rose to great power status,[1][2][3] yet for centuries there were no official relations given the separating distance. Polish Enlightenment writer and traveller Jan Potocki is considered the first Polish envoy to Morocco.[4] Relations, however, were not developed, as Poland soon lost its independence due to the Partitions of Poland, a fate shared by Morocco in 1912. Following the restoration of independent Poland after World War I, an honorary consulate of Poland was located in Casablanca from 1931 to 1945.[5]
Polish and Moroccan troops both fought against Nazi Germany in World War II. Moroccan prisoners of war were held by the Germans alike Polish and other Allied POWs in the Stalag II-B, Stalag II-D, Stalag VIII-C and Stalag XXI-A POW camps, located in Czarne, Stargard, Żagań and Ostrzeszów, respectively.[6][7][8][9] Both Moroccan and Polish POWs were subjected to poor treatment by the Germans, who regarded them as "racially inferior".[10] Poles and Moroccans were part of the large Allied coalition in the Battle of Monte Cassino of 1944.[11]
Diplomatic relations were established in 1959, following the restoration of Moroccan independence. In 1962–1965, the Polish company CEKOP built Morocco's first sugar refinery in Sidi Slimane.[12] Poles introduced sugar beet cultivation to Morocco and built chemical factories in Morocco.[12] Polish architects designed a number of buildings in Casablanca after World War II.[13]
A cultural cooperation agreement between Morocco and Poland was signed in Rabat in 1969,[14] replaced by a new agreement in 2013.[15] After 1978, some 300 Polish high school teachers and university lecturers were sent to Morocco.[16]
Modern relations
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In 1994, a double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the two countries in Rabat.[17]
In January 2010, Abbas El Fassi became the first Moroccan Prime Minister to pay an official visit to Poland.[18] In April 2010, Abbas El Fassi attended the state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński in Kraków despite the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption.[18]
One of the fields of cooperation between Poland and Morocco is archaeology. In 2022, Poles and Moroccans jointly discovered an ancient Roman observation tower in Volubilis, the first such tower to be discovered in Morocco.[19]
Poland sent two rescue squads to help the relief operation after the 2023 Marrakesh–Safi earthquake in Morocco.[20]
Diplomatic missions
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References
edit- ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. Chartwell Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
- ^ Kort, Michael (2001). The Handbook of the New Eastern Europe. Brookfield, Connecticut. pp. 39–40.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Eckhardt, William (1992). Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War. p. 113.
- ^ ""Podróż do Cesarstwa Marokańskiego w 1791 r."". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. p. 97. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
- ^ Aniszewska, Jolanta (2011). "W obowiązku pamięci... Stalag II D i formy upamiętnienia jeńców wojennych w Stargardzie Szczecińskim". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 34. Opole: 16. ISSN 0137-5199.
- ^ Stanek, Piotr; Terpińska-Greszczeszyn, Justyna (2011). "W cieniu "wielkiej ucieczki". Kompleks obozow jenieckich Sagan (1939–1945)". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 34. Opole: 128. ISSN 0137-5199.
- ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
- ^ Graf, Władysław (1992). "Ostrzeszów: obozy jenieckie okresu 1939–1940. Część 1". Zeszyty Ostrzeszowskie (in Polish). No. 15. Ostrzeszowskie Centrum Kultury. p. 11.
- ^ Aniszewska, p. 14
- ^ Polish Victory. Monte Cassino May 11–19, 1944. Warsaw: Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 2022. p. 2.
- ^ a b Knopek 2006, p. 158.
- ^ Knopek 2006, p. 160.
- ^ Umowa kulturalna między Rządem Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej a Rządem Królestwa Maroka, podpisana w Rabacie dnia 30 października 1969 r., Dz. U., 1976, vol. 37, No. 218
- ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Królestwa Marokańskiego o współpracy w dziedzinie kultury, nauki i edukacji, podpisana w Warszawie dnia 7 kwietnia 2004 r., Dz. U., 2014, No. 165
- ^ Knopek 2006, p. 159.
- ^ Konwencja między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Królestwa Maroka w sprawie unikania podwójnego opodatkowania i zapobiegania uchylaniu się od opodatkowania w zakresie podatków od dochodu i majątku, sporządzona w Rabacie dnia 24 października 1994 r., Dz. U., 1996, vol. 110, No. 529
- ^ a b "Premier Maroka nie przestraszył się pyłu". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). 19 April 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Maroko / Polscy archeolodzy współodkrywcami wojskowej wieży z czasów rzymskich". PAP MediaRoom (in Polish). 23 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Dwie pierwsze grupy polskich ratowników rozpoczęły działania w Maroku". Radio Kraków (in Polish). 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Konsulaty honorowe". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Knopek, Jacek (2006). "Stosunki Polski z Afryką Arabską po II wojnie światowej". Forum Politologiczne (in Polish). 3. Instytut Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie. ISSN 1734-1698.
