Morpho amathonte is a Neotropical butterfly belonging to the subfamily Morphinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is considered, by some authors,[who?] to be a subspecies of Morpho menelaus.
| Morpho amathonte | |
|---|---|
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| Male | |
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| Female from Colombia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Morpho |
| Species: | M. amathonte
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| Binomial name | |
| Morpho amathonte (Deyrolle, 1860)
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| Synonyms | |
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The genus Morpho is palatable but some species (such as M. amathonte) are very strong fliers; birds – even species which are specialized for catching butterflies on the wing – find it very hard to catch them.[1][2] The conspicuous blue coloration shared by most Morpho species may be a case of Müllerian mimicry, or may be 'pursuit aposematism'.[3]
Description
editMorpho amathonte has a wingspan of about 100–150 millimetres (3.9–5.9 in). The total number of days for which it takes this species to grow into an adult is about 120 days. During this time, the butterfly is an egg for 14 days, then remains as larvae for 83 days, and then remains a pupa for about 19 days.[4] The females prefer to breed on isolated trees in intact forests, despite the fact that the hostplant is a familiar and plentiful tree in secondary woods.[5] This species shows an evident sexual dimorphism which differentiates males from females. The basic color in males is bright metallic blue, sometimes bluish. In the females the upper surfaces of the wings are partially blue and have a wide dark gray-brown margins, decorated with small white spots running along the outer edge of both wings. From closely related species Morpho amathonte is distinguished by a large dark spot at the top of the front wings. The undersides of the wings are brown, becoming lighter towards the edges, with three or four colorful and bright eyespots clearly visible on each wing.
Different from those from northwestern Ecuador, which is mainly known as Morpho amathonte ecuadorensis, the Morpho amathonte canyarensis in western Ecuador has their wings’ colour lighter in brown, thus this determines that this is a character which varies among, rather than within, subspecies.[6]
Distribution
editThis species can be found in Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Specifically in Costa Rica, M. amathonte has its hostplants are Dichapetalum grayumii (family: Dichapetalaceae), Dioclea malacocarpa, Leucopogon oliganthus, Lonchocarpus macrophylus, Machaerium seemannii (family: Fabaceae), P. hayesii, Pterocarpus rohrii, Prestoea decurrens (family: Arecaceae) and Pterocarpus officionalis (family: Fabaceae).[7]
References
edit- ^ Pinheiro, Carlos E.G. 1996. Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds (Tyrannus melancholicus, Tyrannidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59(4): 351–365 [1]
- ^ Young A.M. 1971. Wing colouration and reflectance in Morpho butterflies as related to reproductive behaviour and escape from avian predators. Oecologia 7, 209–222.
- ^ Edmunds M. 1974. Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences. Harlow, Essex and NY: Longman. ISBN 0-582-44132-3. On p255–256 there is a discussion of 'pursuit aposematism':
- "Young suggested that the brilliant blue colours and bobbing flight of Morpho butterflies may induce pursuit... Morpho amathonte is a very fast flier... It is possible that birds that have chased several unsuccessfully may learn not to pursue butterflies of that [type]... In one area, Young found that 80% of less brilliant species of Morpho had beak marks on their wings... but none out of 31 M. amathonte.
- "If brilliant colour was a factor in courtship, then the conflicting selection pressures of sexual selection and predator selection might lead to different results in quite closely related species".
- ^ Córdoba-Alfaro, Jim; Gómez Hernández, Daniel (2017-07-21). "Early Stages of Morpho amathonte (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Morphinae) and its Variation on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica". Revista Peruana de Biología. 24 (2): 151. doi:10.15381/rpb.v24i2.13492. ISSN 1727-9933.
- ^ Constantino, L. M (1997-11-01). "Natural history, immature stages and hostplants of Morpho amathonte from western Colombia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Morphinae)". Tropical Lepidoptera Research. 8 (2): 75–80. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Nakahara, S; Blandin, P (2010-12-01). "A southern range extension for Morpho amathonte Deyrolle, 1860 (Nymphalidae, Morphinae) in western Ecuador and the description of a new subspecies". Tropical Lepidoptera Research. 20 (2): 85–87. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ Murillo-Hiller, L.R; Canet, N (2018). "Early Stages and Natural History of Morpho menelaus amathonte Deyrolle, 1860 and Morpho helenor marinita Butler, 1872 (Nymphalidae: Morphinae) from Costa Rica". The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 72 (1): 74–80. doi:10.18473/lepi.72i1.a7. S2CID 90735075. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Le Moult (E.) & Réal (P.), 1962-1963. Les Morpho d'Amérique du Sud et Centrale, Editions du cabinet entomologique E. Le Moult, Paris.
- Paul Smart, 1976 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World in Color. London, Salamander: Encyclopedie des papillons. Lausanne, Elsevier Sequoia (French language edition) ISBN 9780948427046 ISBN 0600313816 page 234 fig. 4 (Colombia)
External links
edit- Butterflies of America Images of type and other specimens of Morpho menelaus amathonte
- Taxonomy Browser Upperside and underside photographs.
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