Eumastacidae are a family of grasshoppers sometimes known as monkey- or matchstick grasshoppers. They usually have thin legs that are held folded at right angles to the body, sometimes close to the horizontal plane. Many species are wingless and the head is at an angle with the top of the head often jutting above the line of the thorax and abdomen. They have three segmented tarsi and have a short antenna with a knobby organ at the tip. They do not have a prosternal spine or tympanum. Most species are tropical and the diversity is greater in the Old World. They are considered primitive within the Orthoptera and feed on algae, ferns and gymnosperms, the more ancient plant groups.[1]
| Eumastacidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Eumastax sp. from Colombia showing typical posture | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Superfamily: | Eumastacoidea |
| Family: | Eumastacidae Burr, 1898 |
| Subfamilies | |
The families Chorotypidae and Morabidae were formerly included in this group as subfamilies but are now considered as families within the Eumastacoidea. With the exception of the central Asian Gomphomastacinae, all other subfamilies are restricted to South America.[2]
Subfamilies and genera
editThe Orthoptera Species File lists the following:[3]
Eumastacinae
editAuth.: Burr, 1899 - central and south America
- Amedegnatomastax Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015
- Andeomastax Descamps, 1979
- Araguamastax Descamps, 1982
- Beomastax Descamps, 1979
- Caenomastax Hebard, 1923
- Cardonamastax Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Descampsmastax Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015
- Erythromastax Descamps, 1971
- Eumastax Burr, 1899
- Hebardomastax Cadena-Castañeda, 2016
- Helicomastax Rowell & Bentos-Pereira, 2001
- Homeomastax Descamps, 1979
- Hysteromastax Descamps, 1979
- Phryganomastax Descamps, 1982
- Santanderia Hebard, 1923
- Sciaphilomastax Descamps, 1979
- Zeromastax Porras, 2007
Gomphomastacinae
editAuth.: Burr, 1899 - India, central and north-eastern Asia
- Afghanomastax Descamps, 1974
- Brachymastax Ramme, 1939
- Clinomastax Bei-Bienko, 1949
- Gomphomastax Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898
- Gyabus Özdikmen, 2008
- Myrmeleomastax Yin, 1984
- Nepalomastax Yamasaki, 1983
- Oreomastax Bei-Bienko, 1949
- Paedomastax Bolívar, 1930
- Pentaspinula Yin, 1982
- Phytomastax Bei-Bienko, 1949
- Ptygomastax Bei-Bienko, 1959
- Sinomastax Yin, 1984
- Masynteinae
Auth.: Descamps, 1973 - Cuba
- Masyntes Karsch, 1889
Morseinae
editAuth.: Rehn, 1948 - Americas
- tribe Daguerreacridini Descamps, 1973
- Daguerreacris Descamps & Liebermann, 1970
- tribe Morseini Rehn, 1948
- tribe Psychomastacini Descamps, 1973
- Psychomastax Rehn & Hebard, 1918
Subfamilies P
edit- Paramastacinae
Auth.: Rehn & Grant Jr., 1958 - south America
- Paramastax Burr, 1899
- Parepisactinae
Auth.: Descamps, 1971 - south America
- Chapadamastax Descamps, 1979
- Parepisactus Giglio-Tos, 1898
- Pseudomastacinae
Auth.: Rehn & Grant Jr., 1958 - south America
- Pseudomastax Bolívar, 1914
Temnomastacinae
editAuth.: Rehn & Grant Jr., 1958 - south America
- tribe Eumastacopini Descamps, 1973
- Arawakella Rehn & Rehn, 1942
- Bahiamastax Descamps, 1979
- Eumastacops Rehn & Rehn, 1942
- Maripa Descamps & Amédégnato, 1970
- Pareumastacops Descamps, 1979
- Pseudeumastacops Descamps, 1974
- Tachiramastax Descamps, 1974
- tribe Temnomastacini Rehn & Grant, 1958
- Eutemnomastax Descamps, 1979
- Temnomastax Rehn & Rehn, 1942
Incertae sedis
edit- Acutacris Dirsh, 1965 - Madagascar
- Angulomastax Zheng, 1985 - central Asia
- †Archaeomastax Sharov, 1968
- †Taphacris Cockerell, 1926
References
edit- ^ Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. pp. 1699–1700. ISBN 9781402062421.
- ^ S. Matt; P. K. Flook; C. H. F. Rowell (2008). "A Partial Molecular Phylogeny of the Eumastacoidea s. lat. (Orthoptera, Caelifera)" (PDF). Journal of Orthoptera Research. 17 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1665/1082-6467(2008)17[43:apmpot]2.0.co;2.
- ^ Species File (v. 5.0; retrieved 10 August 2021)