Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian[2][3] is a painting by James McNeill Whistler. The work shows a woman in full figure standing with her back to the viewer, with her head in profile. The model is Ethel Whibley, (née Birnie Philip) the artist's secretary and sister-in-law.
| Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Artist | James McNeill Whistler |
| Year | 1888?–1900 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 191.5 cm × 89.8 cm (75.4 in × 35.4 in) |
| Location | National Gallery of Art[1], Washington, D.C. |
The colour scheme of the painting is black, mother of pearl and silver. The title refers to Ethel's grey silk evening dress, which is a Parisian dress in a Belle Époque style, with the transparent layered sleeves of the black bolero jacket resembling a traditional Andalusian costume.[4]
Artist and model
editJames McNeill Whistler was born in the United States in 1834, the son of George Washington Whistler, a railway engineer.[5] In 1843, his father relocated the family to Saint Petersburg, Russia, where James received training in painting.[6] After a stay in England, he returned to America to attend the US Military Academy at West Point in 1851.[7] In 1855, he made his way back to Europe, determined to dedicate himself to painting. He settled in Paris at first, but in 1859 moved to London, where he would spend most of the remainder of his life.[8] Although he returned to Paris from 1892 to 1901 and resided at 110 Rue du Bac, Paris, with his studio at the top of 86 Rue Notre Dame des Champs.[9]
Ethel Birnie Philip was born at Chelsea, London, on 29 September 1861. She was the daughter of the sculptor John Birnie Philip[10] and Frances Black. Her sister Beatrice (also called "Beatrix" or "Trixie') married Whistler in 1888. Ethel worked for a time in 1893–1894 as secretary to Whistler. She married Charles Whibley in 1896 in the garden of the house occupied by Whistler at Rue du Bac.[11] Her sister Rosalind Birnie Philip succeeded Ethel as Whistler's secretary, and was appointed the artist's executrix at his death.[12]
Whistler painted a number of full-length portraits of Ethel, including Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian[13] and the watercolour Rose and Silver: Portrait of Mrs Whibley;[14] and other sketches and etchings of her titled as Miss Ethel Philip or Mrs Whibley.[15][16][17]
Creation
editWhistler commenced work on The Andalusian in London in 1888, the year Whistler married Beatrix, with the painting being completed in Paris in 1900.
References
edit- ^ "James McNeill Whistler: Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian, 1888(?)-1900". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ Young, Andrew McLaren; MacDonald, Margaret F.; Spencer, Robin; Miles, Hamish (1980). The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
- ^ Catalogue Number: YMSM 378
- ^ MacDonald, Margaret F.; Galassi, Susan Grace; Ribeiro, Aileen (2003). Whistler, Women, & Fashion. Frick Collection/Yale University.
- ^ Ronald Anderson and Anne Koval, James McNeill Whistler: Beyond the Myth, Carroll & Graf, New York (1994), pp. 3–6.
- ^ Weintraub, Whistler: A biography, Collins (1974), pp. 6–9.
- ^ Anderson & Koval (1994), pp. 26–31.
- ^ MacDonald (1999).
- ^ Weintraub, Stanley (1983). Whistler. New York: E. P. Dutton. pp. 374–384. ISBN 0-679-40099-0.
- ^ Biography of John Birnie Philip, (1824–1875)
- ^ Wedding photo credited to E. Vallois held by Library of the University of Glasgow, Special Collections, GB 0247 Whistler PH1/165
- ^ Biography of Rosalind Birnie Philip, (1873–1958) University of Glasgow, Special Collections
- ^ (1888–1900) held by National Gallery of Art, Washington, Harris Whittemore Collection
- ^ Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Catalogue Number: M.1415
- ^ Biography of Ethel Whibley (1861–1920) University of Glasgow, Special Collections
- ^ Glasgow University Library, The Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery
- ^ Sweet, Frederick A. (1968). "James McNeill Whistler (Catalogue)" (PDF). Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Sources
edit- Anderson, Ronald; Anne Koval (1994). James McNeill Whistler: Beyond the Myth. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5027-0.
- Batchelor, Bob (2002). The 1900s. Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31334-2. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- Craven, Wayne (2003). American Art: History and Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-141524-6. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- Kramer, Hilton; Roger Kimball (1974). The Age of the Avant-Garde: An Art Chronicle of 1956–1972. London: Secker and Warburg. ISBN 0-436-23685-0. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- Young, Andrew McLaren; MacDonald, Margaret F.; Spencer, Robin; Miles, Hamish (1980). The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler. New Haven and London: 2 vols, Yale University Press.
- MacDonald, Margaret F.; Galassi, Susan Grace; Ribeiro, Aileen (2003). Whistler, Women, & Fashion. Frick Collection/Yale University.
- MacDonald, Margaret F. (1999). "Whistler, James (Abbott) McNeill". Grove Art Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- Newton, Joy; Margaret F. MacDonald (1978). "Whistler: Search for a European Reputation". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 41 (2): 148–159. doi:10.2307/1481962. JSTOR 1481962.
- Schlossman, Beryl (1999). Objects of Desire: The Madonnas of Modernism. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-8014-3649-4. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- Spencer, Robin (2004). "Whistler, James Abbott McNeill". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Taylor, Hilary (1978). James McNeill Whistler. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 0-289-70836-2.
- Weintraub, Stanley (1974). Whistler: A biography. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211994-3.
External links
edit- [1] at the National Gallery of Art