Mount Blanco is a small white hill — an erosional remnant — located on the eastern border of the Llano Estacado within Blanco Canyon in Crosby County, Texas.[1] With Blanco Canyon, it is the type locality of the early Pleistocene Blanco Formation of Texas and Kansas,[2] as well as the Blancan fauna, which occurs throughout North America.[3][4] Mount Blanco is a Late Blancan age site, and is associated with other Late Blancan sites from Texas such as Red Light and Hudspeth local faunas from Hudspeth County, and the Cita Canyon fauna from Randall County.[5][6]
| Mount Blanco | |
|---|---|
 Mount Blanco viewed from above | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,074 ft (937 m) |
| Coordinates | 33°47′29″N 101°15′11″W / 33.79139°N 101.25306°W |
| Geography | |
  Mount Blanco | |
| Geology | |
| Rock age(s) | Late Blancan ?2.5-1.8mya?, Early Pleistocene |
| Mountain type | Butte |
Geology
editThe term "Blanco Canyon beds", later shortened to "Blanco beds", was first applied to this formation in 1890 by William F. Cummins of the Geological Survey of Texas.[7] The Blanco beds were considered to be of lacustrine origin – deposited in a Pleistocene lake basin set upon the Ogallala Formation of middle Pliocene age, which underlies the upper surface sediments of the Llano Estacado.[8]
The local absence of any aquatic/semi-aquatic vertebrates (such as fish, amphibians, microtine rodents, beavers or otters) suggests that the pond was a seasonally drained & shallow basin, like many of the lakes on the High Plains today. The lake was of restricted area as shown by the extent of the lacustrine deposits, and at most probably covered about 10 acres.[9]
The thickness of the Blanco beds varies from around 22 to 26 m (72 to 85 ft) thick.[10] The formation mainly consists of light-gray, fine-grained clay deposits and greenish sand, but indurated sandstone, caliche gravel, freshwater limestone and some conglomerate also are present. Volcanic ash is apparently mixed through the sediments; most clays are bentonitic. The few diatomite beds are restricted in area.[9] These light-colored sediments contrast sharply with the locally rust-colored sediments of the Ogallala Formation.[6]
The Blanco beds are to some extent sandwiched by volcanic ash layers, which assist in dating the site. The lower Blanco ash was dated to 2.8 ± 0.3 million years ago.[11] The much more shallow volcanic ash which overlies the Blanco beds matches petrographically to the rhyolite air-fall tephra (Guaje Pumice bed) that underlies ash flows of the Bandelier Tuff in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico, dated to between 1.77 ± 0.44 million and 1.4 ± 0.2 million years.[9][11][8]
Paleoecology
editThe Blanco Beds were once semi-arid grassy plains, with narrow belts of trees fringing watercourses and in the shaded parts of valleys. Conditions were almost identical to those of the High Plains and Texas Panhandle today. The most common fossils are of grassland species. Some woodland dwellers are represented, such as ground sloths, deer and peccaries. Abundant fossils of reeds and aquatic plants occur in the diatomite beds, representing seasonal ponds.[9]
The abundant hackberry seeds at the Red Quarry prove the abundance of this tree near water, and if the hackberry was present, cottonwood was almost certainly present too.[9]
Fossil fauna
edit
All fossil fauna are from Mount Blanco as described by Dalquest (1975) unless otherwise noted. A single alligator tooth, a few aquatic snail shells, and several land tortoises have also been recovered from the site. Dalquest describes the Rexroad fauna of Meade County, Kansas as the most similar assemblage to the Blanco fauna.[9]
As the Blanco Formation disconformably overlies the middle Pliocene Ogalla Formation, and is again disconformably overlain by aeolian silts and sands, the age of the Blanco fauna is based mainly upon the evidence of fossil vertebrates. For example, some fauna that did not survive the Blancan, such as Borophagus, Equus simplicidens, Nannippus, Rhynchotherium, and Titanotyopus, are present. Additionally, other genera such as Camelops, Hemiauchenia, and Platygonus first appear in the Blancan age.[6] Late Blancan faunas are defined primarily on the presence of mammals of the Great American Interchange, and on absolute dates when available.[5]
Most of the fossils consist of disarticulated specimens, although in a few cases articulated skeletons have been found in the white clay. The most famous example is of Equus simplicidens, collected for the American Museum of Natural History. At one locality, Meade collected the remains of around 18 individuals of the giant camel Titanotylopus. Other significant discoveries include the skull and jaws of Dinofelis palaeoonca, and a carapace of Glyptotherium.[6] The Blanco beds are the 'type locality' for Nannippus peninsulatus and Platygonus bicalcaratus.[12]
- Class Mammalia
- Superorder Xenarthra
- Family †Glyptodontidae
- †Glyptotherium texanum
- Family Megalonychidae
- †Megalonyx leptostomus
- Family †Mylodontidae
- †Paramylodon sp.[a]
- Family †Glyptodontidae
- Superorder Xenarthra
- Superorder Afrotheria
- Order Proboscidea
- Family †Gomphotheriidae
- †Rhynchotherium falconeri[b][13]
- †Stegomastodon mirificus
- Family †Mammutidae
- Indeterminate †Mammut
- Family †Gomphotheriidae
- Order Proboscidea
- Superorder Afrotheria
- Superorder Laurasiatheria
- Order Artiodactyla
- Family Antilocapridae
- Indeterminate antilocaprid
- Family Camelidae
- †Blancocamelus meadei
- †Camelops cf. traviswhitei
- †Hemiauchenia blancoensis[c]
- †Titanotylopus spatulus
- Indeterminate camelid
- Family Cervidae
- †Odocoileus cf. brachyodontus
- Family Tayassuidae
- †Platygonus bicalcaratus
- Family Antilocapridae
- Order Perissodactyla
- Order Carnivora
- Family Canidae
- †Borophagus diversidens
- †Canis lepophagus
- Family Felidae
- †Felis cf. lacustris
- †Dinofelis palaeoonca
- †?Homotherium
- Family Hyaenidae
- †?Chasmaporthetes ossifragus[e][14]
- Family Mustelidae
- †Canimartes cumminsi
- †Spilogale rexroadi
- Family Canidae
- Order Chiroptera
- ?Tadarida sp.
- Order Eulipotyphla
- Order Artiodactyla
- Superorder Laurasiatheria
- Superorder Euarchontoglires
- Order Lagomorpha
- Order Rodentia
- Family Cricetidae
- Baiomys sp.
- †Bensonomys sp.
- †Neotoma cf. quadriplicatus
- Onychomys sp.
- † Peromyscus cf. kansasensis
- Reithrodontomys sp.
- †Sigmodon medius
- Family Geomyidae
- Geomys sp.
- Family Heteromyidae
- †Perognathus cf. pearlettensis
- †Perognathus cf. rexroadensis
- †Prodipomys centralis
- Family Sciuridae
- †Paenemarmota barbouri
- †?Otospermophilus sp.[f][15][16]
- †Ictidomys howelli[g][16]
- Family Cricetidae
- Superorder Euarchontoglires
Images
edit-
![Early photo of Mount Blanco (1891)[17]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mt_Blanco_1891.jpg/180px-Mt_Blanco_1891.jpg)
Early photo of Mount Blanco (1891)[17] -
Mount Blanco viewed from east (2002) -
Blanco and Blackwater Draw formations are exposed at this road cut along Texas Ranch Road 193. (2002)
![Early photo of Mount Blanco (1891)[17]](/wiki/File:Mt_Blanco_1891.jpg)
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Described by Dalquest as Glossotherium cf. chapadinalense.
- ^ Described by Dalquest as Rhynchotherium praecursor.
- ^ Described by Dalquest as Tanupolama blancoensis.
- ^ Described by Dalquest as Nannipus phlegon.
- ^ Described by Dalquest as Chasmaporthetes johnstoni.
- ^ Described in the paper as Spermophilus large, possibly O. rexroadensis. May also refer to Spermophilus medium.
- ^ Described by Dalquest as Spermophilus cf. howelli.
References
edit- ^ Holliday, V.T. 1988. Mt. Blanco revisited: soil-geomorphic implications for the ages of the Upper Cenozoic Blanco and Blackwater Draw Formations. Geology 16(6):505-508.
- ^ "Geologic Unit: Blanco". National Geologic Database. Geolex — Unit Summary. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ Cope, E.D. 1892. A contribution to a knowledge of the fauna of the Blanco beds of Texas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 44:226-229.
- ^ Schultz, G.E. 1977. Blancan and post-Blancan faunas in the Texas Panhandle. In: Schultz, G.E. (ed), Guidebook: Field conference on late Cenozoic biostratigraphy of the Texas Panhandle and adjacent Oklahoma: West Texas State University, Kilgore Research Center, Special Publication 1, pp. 105-145.
- ^ a b White Jr., Richard S.; Morgan, Gary S. (2005). "Arizonan Blancan Vertebrate Faunas in Regional Perspective". Vertebrate Paleontology of Arizona, Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin. 11.
- ^ a b c d Schultz, Gerald E. (1972). "Vertebrate paleontology of the Southern High Plains" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society. pp. 129–133. doi:10.56577/ffc-23.129. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
- ^ Cummins, W.F. 1890. The Permian of Texas and its overlying beds. In: Dumble, E.T. (ed), First annual report of the Geological Survey of Texas 1889, pp. 183-197.
- ^ a b Izett, Glen A.; Wilcox, Ray E.; Borchardt, Glenn A. (December 1972). "Correlation of a Volcanic Ash bed in Pleistocene Deposits near Mount Blanco, Texas, with the Guaje Pumice Bed of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico". Quaternary Research. 2 (4): 554–578. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(72)90091-9. ISSN 0033-5894.
- ^ a b c d e f Dalquest, Walter W. (23 May 1975). "Vertebrate Fossils from the Blanco Local Fauna of Texas" (PDF). Occasional Papers The Museum Texas Tech University. 30: 1–52.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Evans, G.L. 1948. Geology of the Blanco beds of West Texas. In: Colbert, E.H. (ed), Pleistocene of the Great Plains (symposium). Geological Society of America Bulletin No. 59, pp. 617-619.
- ^ a b c Bell, Christopher J.; Lundelius, Ernest L.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Graham, Russell W.; Lindsay, Everett H.; Ruez, Dennis R.; Semken, Holmes A.; Webb, S. David; Zakrzewski, Richard J. (2004-04-21), "7. The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages", 7. The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages, Columbia University Press, pp. 232–314 (246), doi:10.7312/wood13040-009, ISBN 978-0-231-50378-5, retrieved 2023-12-13
- ^ a b Heckert, Andrew B. Ph D. "Pliocene (latest Hemphillian and Blancan) vertebrate fossils from the Mangas Basin, southwestern New Mexico". libres.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S. (2008). "Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin (Neogene Mammals). 44: 71–99.
- ^ Kurtén, Björn; Werdelin, Lars (1988). "A Review of the Genus Chasmaporthetes Hay, 1921 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (1): 46–66. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Ruez Jr., Dennis Russell (May 2007). "Effects of Climate Change on Mammalian Fauna Composition and Structure during the Advent of North American Continental Glaciation in the Pliocene" (PDF). University of Texas at Austin (PhD).
- ^ a b Goodwin, H. Thomas; Martin, Robert A. (2017). "Ground squirrels (Rodentia, Sciuridae) of the late Cenozoic Meade Basin sequence: diversity and paleoecological implications". Journal of Paleontology. 91 (6): 1244–1257. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ Cummins, W.F. 1892. Report on the geography, topography, and geology of the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. In: Dumble, E.T. (ed), Third annual report of the Geological Survey of Texas 1891, pp. 129-223.
