Mueang (Ahom: 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫;Thai: เมือง mɯ̄ang, pronounced [mɯaŋ˧] ), Muang (Lao: ເມືອງ mɯ́ang, pronounced [mɯaŋ˦]; Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ muang), Mong (Shan: မိူင်း mə́ŋ, pronounced [məŋ˦]), Meng (Chinese: 猛 or 勐) or Mường (Vietnamese) were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia, adjacent regions of Northeast India and Southern China, including what is now Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, parts of northern Vietnam, southern Yunnan, western Guangxi and Assam.
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Mueang was originally a term in the Tai languages for a town having a defensive wall and a ruler with at least the Thai noble rank of khun (ขุน), together with its dependent villages.[1][2][3] The mandala model of political organisation organised states in collective hierarchy such that smaller mueang were subordinate to more powerful neighboring ones, which in turn were subordinate to a central king or other leader. The more powerful mueang (generally designated as chiang, wiang, nakhon or krung – with Bangkok as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their suzerain and could enjoy periods of relative independence. Mueang large and small often shifted allegiance, and frequently paid tribute to more than one powerful neighbor – the most powerful of the period being Ming China.
Following Kublai Khan's defeat of the Dali Kingdom of the Bai people in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the Shan States and adjoining regions – though the common description of this as a "mass migration" is disputed.[4] Following historical Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by the Yuan as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the Tusi ("Native Chieftain") system. Ming and Qing-era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials.
In the 19th century, Thailand's Chakri dynasty and Burma's colonial and subsequent military rulers did much the same with their lesser mueang, but, while the petty kingdoms are gone, the place names remain.
Place names
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2024) |
Place names in Southwestern Tai languages
Cambodia
editIn Khmer, "moeang" (មឿង) is a word borrowed from the Thai language meaning "small city" or "small town."[5] Usually used as a place name for villages.
China
editThe placename "mueang" is written in Chinese characters as 勐, 孟; měng, which is equivalent to Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ and Tai Lü: ᦵᦙᦲᧂ, both of which are spoken in China.
| Script in English | Name in Tai Nuea | Name in Tai Lue | Script in Chinese | Common used name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muang Mao[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ[7] | 勐卯 | Ruili | |
| Muang Khon[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦃᦸᧃ[8] | 勐焕 | Mangshi |
| Muang Wan[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ[7] | 勐宛 | Longchuan | |
| Muang Ti[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ[7] | 勐底 | Lianghe | |
| Muang La[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ[7] | 勐腊 | Yingjiang | |
| Meng La | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱ | 勐拉 | Simao | |
| Meng La | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱᧉ | 勐腊 | Mengla | |
| Meng Hai | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥣᥭᥰ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᦻ[8] | 勐海 | Menghai |
| Meng Lem | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥥᥛᥰ[7] | 孟连 | Menglian | |
| Meng Keng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥪᥒ[7] | 勐耿 | Gengma | |
| Meng Long | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[9]: 221 | Longling | ||
| Meng Meng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ[7] | 勐勐 | Shuangjiang | |
| Meng Lam | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ[7] | 勐朗 | Lancang | |
| Meng Thong | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥨᥒᥴ[7] | 勐统 | Changning | |
| Meng Tsung | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥧᥒᥰ[7] | Yuanjiang | ||
| Meng Then | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥦᥢᥴ[7] | Fengqing | ||
| Meng Men | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥦᥢᥰ[7] | 勐缅 | Tengchong or Lincang | |
| Mongsee[10] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦉ[8] | Kunming | |
| Meng Ha | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥰ[7] | Kejie Town | ||
| Meng Ha | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥴ[7] | Wandian Dai Ethnic Township | ||
| Meng Khe | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥫᥰ[7] | Lujiang Town | ||
| Meng Yueng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥒᥤᥛᥰ[7] | 勐允 | Shangyun Town | |
| Meng Tse | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥥ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦵᦋᧈ | 勐遮 | Mengzhe Town |
| Meng Hsa | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥣᥴ[7] | 勐撒 | Mengsa Town | |
| Meng Yang | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ[7] | 勐养 | Mengyang Town | |
| Meng Tung | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥧᥛᥰ[7] | 勐董 | Mengdong | |
| Meng Ten | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥦᥢᥰ[7] | 勐典 | Mengdian (a place in Yingjiang County) | |
| Meng Ting | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥒ[7] | 孟定 | Mengding Town | |
| Meng Lim | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥤᥛᥴ[7] | Huangcao-Ba (黄草坝, a place in Longling County) | ||
| Meng Long | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦷᦟᧂ[8] | 勐龙 | Menglong Town |
| Meng Loong | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥴ[7] | 勐弄 | Mengnong Township | |
| Meng Mo | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ[7] | 勐磨 | Jiucheng Township | |
| Meng Ham | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥛᥰ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᧄ[8] | 勐罕 | Menghan Town |
| Meng Heu | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥥᥝᥰ[11] | 勐秀 | Mengxiu Township | |
| Meng Ka | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ | 勐戛 | Mengga | |
| Meng Yue | 勐约 | Mengyue Township | ||
| Meng Peng | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦘᦳᧂ | 勐捧 | Mengpeng Town | |
| Meng Dui | 勐堆 | Mengdui Township | ||
| Meng Ku | 勐库 | Mengku Town | ||
| Meng Yoong | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥩᥒᥰ[12] | 勐永 | MengYong Town | |
| Meng Keng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥒᥰ[12] | 勐简 | Mengjian Township | |
| Meng Seng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥫᥒᥴ[12] | 勐省 | Mengsheng | |
| Meng Jiao | 勐角 | Mengjiao Dai, Yi and Lahu People Township | ||
| Meng Nuo | 勐糯 | Mengnuo Town | ||
| Meng Xian | 勐先 | Mengxian Town | ||
| Meng Nong | 孟弄 | Mengnong Yi Ethnic Township | ||
| Meng Ban | 勐班 | Mengban Township | ||
| Meng Da | 勐大 | Mengda Town | ||
| Meng Lie | 勐烈 | Menglie Town | ||
| Meng Ma | 勐马 | Mengma Town | ||
| Meng Suo | 勐梭 | Mengsuo Town | ||
| Meng Ka | 勐卡 | Mengka Town | ||
| Meng La | 勐拉 | Mengla Town | ||
| Meng Qiao | 勐桥 | Mengqiao Township | ||
| Meng Wang | 勐旺 | Mengwang Township, Jinghong | ||
| Meng Hun | 勐混 | Menghun Town | ||
| Meng Man | 勐满 | Mengman Town | ||
| Meng A | 勐阿 | Meng'a Town | ||
| Meng Song | 勐宋 | Mengsong Township | ||
| Meng Wang | 勐往 | Mengwang Township, Menghai | ||
| Meng Lun | 勐仑 | Menglun Town | ||
| Meng Ban | 勐伴 | Mengban Town |
Laos
editLaos is colloquially known as Muang Lao, but for Lao people, the word conveys more than mere administrative district. The usage is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states,[13] described by later scholars as Mandala (Southeast Asian political model). Provinces of Laos are now subdivided into what are commonly translated as districts of Laos, with some retaining Muang as part of the name:
- Muang Sing
- Muang Xay
- Former Muang
- Muang Phuan (modern Phonsavan, capital city of Xiangkhouang Province)
- Muang Sua
Myanmar
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- Mong Mao
- Mong Hsat
- Mong Hpayak
- Mong Ton
- Mong Nai
- Mong Ping
- Mohnyin (former Mongyang State)
- Mogaung (former Mongkawng)
- Momauk
- Mogok
- Momeik
- Mong Dun Shun Kham or Ahom kingdom[14] – The Mueang (currently the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in North-East India), established by a Tai Prince Sukaphaa in 1228 with 9000 Tai People migrated from Mong Mao called as Ahom by local people, transformed itself into a huge kingdom by the 17th century that withstood the might of the Mughal Empire.
Thailand
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Thailand is colloquially known as Mueang Thai. After the Thesaphiban reforms of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, city-states under Siam were organized into monthon (มณฑล, Thai translation of mandala), which was changed to changwat (จังหวัด) in 1916.[15] Mueang still can be found as the term for the capital districts of the provinces (amphoe mueang), as well as for a municipal status equivalent to town (thesaban mueang). In standard Thai, the term for the country of Thailand is ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai.
Mueang toponyms
editMueang still forms part of the placenames of a few places, notably Don Mueang District, home to Don Mueang International Airport; and in the Royal Thai General System of Transcription Mueang Phatthaya (เมืองพัทยา) for the self-governing municipality of Pattaya.
Nakhon mueang
editNakhon (นคร) as meaning "city" has been modified to thesaban nakhon (เทศบาลนคร), usually translated as "city municipality". It still forms part of the name of some places.
- Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
- Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
- Nakhon Lampang
- Nakhon Nayok
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Nakhon Si Thammarat
- Nakhon Thai
- Renu Nakhon
Buri mueang
editSung Noen District is noted for having been the site of two ancient cities: Mueang Sema and Khorakhapura. Pali púra became Sanskrit puri, hence Thai บุรี, บูรี,[16] (buri) all connoting the same as Thai mueang: city with defensive wall.[17] "Khorakhapura" was nicknamed "Nakhon Raj," which as a portmanteau with Sema, became Nakhon Ratchasima.[18] Though dropped from the name of this mueang, Sanskrit buri persists in the names of others.
Vietnam
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Etymology
editMüang Fai irrigation system
editMüang Fai is a term reconstructed from Proto-Tai, the common ancestor of all Tai languages. In the Guangxi-Guizhou of Southern China region, the term described what was then a unique type of irrigation engineering for wet-rice cultivation. Müang meaning 'irrigation channel, ditch, canal' and Fai, 'dike, weir, dam.' together referred to gravitational irrigation systems for directing water from streams and rivers.[19] The Proto-Tai language is not directly attested by any surviving texts, but has been reconstructed using the comparative method. This term has Proto-Tai-tone A1. All A1 words are rising tone in modern Thai and Lao, following rules determined for tone origin. Accordingly, the term is:
- in modern Thai: เหมืองฝาย[20]
- in modern Lao: ເຫມື່ອງຝາຍ.[21] (NB: SEAlang Library's Lao entry omits tonal marking – a typographical error.)
Different linguistic tones give different meanings; scholarship has not established a link between this term and any of the terms which differ in tone.
Origin of mueang
editMueang conveys many meanings, all having to do with administrative, social, political and religious orientation on wet-rice cultivation. The origin of the word mueang yet remains obscure. In October 2007, The National Library of Laos, in collaboration with the Berlin State Library and the University of Passau, started a project to produce the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Papers presented at the Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, held in Vientiane in 2005, have also been made available. Many of the mss. illuminate the administrative, social, political, and religious demands put on communities in the same watershed area that insured a high degree of cooperation to create and maintain irrigation systems (müang-faai) – which probably was the primary reason for founding mueang.[22]
Kham Mueang
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Kham Mueang (Thai: คำเมือง) is the modern spoken form of the old Northern Thai language that was the language of the kingdom of Lan Na (Million Fields). Central Thai may call northern Thai people and their language Thai Yuan. They call their language Kham Mueang in which Kham means language or word; mueang; town, hence the meaning of "town language," specifically in contrast to those of the many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas.[23]
See also
edit- Acequia, Spanish term for irrigation system organized like the Müang Fai irrigation system
- Chiang (place name)
- Internal colonialism
- Tusi
- Wiang
References
edit- ^ Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983). "Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 71.0 (digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 4. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
khun : ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mu'ang. In older sources the prefix ph'o ("father") is sometimes used as well.
- ^ Vickery, Michael (1995). "Piltdown3: Further Discussion of The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 83.0j (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
Examples of the first are söaṅ, the name of Ram Khamhaeng's mother, and möaṅ. Khun Phasit said that these terms should in fact be read as /söŋ/ and /möŋ/....
- ^ Wyatt, D.K. (1991). "Chapter 11: Contextual arguments for the authenticity of the Ram Khamhaeng inscription" (PDF). In Chamberlain, J.R. (ed.). The Ram Khamhaeng Controversy. Bangkok: The Siam Society. Quoted text is found in image 7. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
...Lord Sam Chon, the ruler of Müang Chot, came to attack Müang Tak....
- ^ Du Yuting; Chen Lufan (1989). "Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?" (free PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
- ^ Headley, Robert K. "SEAlang Library Khmer", SEAlang Library, 05/14/2018
- ^ a b c d e Santasombat, Yos (2008). Lak Chang: A reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong. Canberra: ANU Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-74076-081-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Gong, Jiaqiang; Meng, Zunxian (2007). 傣汉词典 [Tai Nuea－Chinese Dictionary]. Kunming: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. pp. 1347–1350. ISBN 978-7-5367-3790-7.
- ^ a b c d e Yu, Cui-rong; Luo, Meizhen (2003). 傣仂汉词典 [Tai Lue－Chinese Dictionary]. Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. p. 274. ISBN 7-105-05834-X.
- ^ Daniels, Christian (2018). "The Mongol-Yuan in Yunnan and ProtoTai/Tai Polities during the 13th-14th Centuries". Journal of the Siam Society. 106: 201–243.
- ^ CAPT. R. Boileau Pemberton (1835). Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. Calcutta: British Mission Press. p. 111.
- ^ People's Government of Ruili County (1987). 云南省瑞丽县地名志 [Toponymy Dictionary of Ruili County, Yunnan]. p. 149.
- ^ a b c People's Government of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County (1985). 云南省耿马傣族佤族自治县地名志 [Toponymy Dictionary of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Yunnan]. pp. 勐永:198, 勐简:201, 勐省:208.
- ^ Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005). "The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos. The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. pp. 401–420. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
The use of the word müang is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states.
- ^ Gohain, Birendra kr (1999). Origin of the Tai and Chao Lung Hsukapha: A Historical Perspective.
- ^ ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 33 (ก): 51. 28 May 1916. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008.
- ^ Glenn S. (5 Aug 2013). "บูรี" (Dictionary). Royal Institute Dictionary – 1982. Thai-language.com. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
บุรี; บูรี /บุ-รี; บู-รี/ Pali: ปุร [นาม] เมือง
- ^ Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley (1985) [London: Oxford University Press, 1962-1966.]. "A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages". Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. p. 469. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved 5 Aug 2013.
8278 púra noun. fortress, town, gynaeceum
- ^ "Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat), Thailand" (Text available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (Unported)). More about Nakhon Ratchasima. AsiaExplorers. 5 Aug 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-09. Retrieved 5 Aug 2013.
Nakhon Ratchasima was originally two separate cities namely Khorakhapura (also called Nakhon Raj) and Sema.... The present city of Nakhon Ratchasima, whose name is a portmanteau of Nakhon Raj and Sema, was established by King Narai (1656-88) as the eastern frontier of his kingdom centered on Ayutthaya.
- ^
Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000). "GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China" (PDF). Geographic Information Sciences. 6 (2). DeKalb: Northern Illinois University: 129–136. Bibcode:2000AnGIS...6..129L. doi:10.1080/10824000009480541. S2CID 24199802. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Abstract. By integrating linguistic information and physical geographic features in a GIS environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have proposed....
- ^ เหมืองฝาย;
- ^ http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm ເຫມືອງຝາຽ
- ^ Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005). "The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos. The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. p. 416. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
However, being wet-rice growing societies, Tai baan could not have sustained themselves in isolation, but were dependent to a high degree on water irrigation that demands cooperation of several baan communities being situated in one and the same watershed area. The organisation of cooperation of a number of baan in irrigation works, historically, probably was the primary reason for founding müang, that is a group of several baan managing one common irrigation system (müang-faai), and generally worshipping the same territorial guardian spirit (phii müang) and ancestral spirits.
- ^ Natnapang Burutphakdee (October 2004). Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang [Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script] (PDF) (M.A. Thesis). Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 10–11, 2004. Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser. Chiang Mai: Payap University. P. 7, digital image 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
The reason why they called this language 'Kammuang' is because they used this language in the towns where they lived together, which were surrounded by mountainous areas where there were many hill tribe people.
External links
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The dictionary definition of mueang at Wiktionary
