Muhammad-Mirza Anzorov (Kabardian: Андзор Мухьэмэд-Мырзэ) was a Kabardian military and political figure, a mudir (general-naib) of the Caucasian Imamate, and a leading figure in the resistance against Russian imperial expansion during the Caucasian War. Coming from the noble Kabardian Anzorov family, he played a critical role in uniting Circassian and Chechen forces against Russian colonial policies.[1][2]
Muhammad-Mirza Anzorov | |
|---|---|
| Андзор Мухьэмэд-Мырзэ | |
 | |
 Naib of Imamate Province of Vilayet Kalay | |
| In office 1848–1851 | |
| Preceded by | Naib Dudarov |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Naib of Imamate Province of Vilayet Arshtkhoy | |
| In office 1848–1851 | |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Muhammad-Mirza 1804 Anzorei, Kabardia |
| Died | 19 June 1851 (aged 46–47) Gekhi, lesser Chechnya, Caucasian Imamate |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Kabardia Russia (formerly) Caucasian Imamate |
| Branch/service | Army |
| Years of service | 1825-1851 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Cavalry |
| Battles/wars | Caucasus War |
Early life and background
editBorn in the village of Anzorei in Kabarda in 1804, Anzorov belonged to a prominent Kabardian noble family that held significant land near the confluence of the Terek and Uruq rivers. During the Russian conquest of Kabarda, he was taken as a hostage (amanat) in 1822. By the 1840s, Anzorov served as a Russian officer, holding ranks up to lieutenant and serving on the Kabardian court and in delegations to the Russian Emperor.[3]
Despite his formal ties to the Russian administration, Anzorov opposed Russian colonial expansion and increasingly identified with the cause of resistance led by Imam Shamil.[4]
Defection to the Imamate
editIn April 1846, Anzorov joined Imam Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian Imamate, accompanied by 37 Kabardian princes, nobles, and a large group of peasants. His defection marked a turning point, signaling the discontent of Kabardian elites with Russian rule. Anzorov and his followers moved to Chechnya, where they reinforced Shamil's forces.[5]
On August 22, 1846, Anzorov was appointed naib (governor) of the Gekhi district in Lesser Chechnya, and he became the leader of a hundred Circassian (Kabardian) muhajirs. His appointment demonstrated Shamil's trust in him as a capable military and administrative leader.[6]
Role in the Caucasian War
editAnzorov's tenure as naib coincided with one of the most challenging periods of the Caucasian War. Russian forces intensified their campaigns, isolating mountain societies and constructing military lines to cut off supplies and reinforcements. Despite these challenges, Anzorov led fierce battles to defend villages, particularly in the Arshtkhoy and Gekhi regions.[7]
In March 1849, Imam Shamil elevated him to the position of mudir (governor) of Lesser Chechnya. Under his leadership, Circassian and Chechen fighters carried out daring raids, including repeated breaches of the Russian fortifications along the Sunzha line. These operations inflicted heavy losses on Russian forces and underscored Anzorov's military prowess.[8]
Death and Legacy
editOn June 15, 1851, during a battle near Nurikoevskaya Polyana against a detachment led by Major General Nikolai Sleptsov, Anzorov sustained severe injuries. He succumbed to his wounds four days later, on June 19, 1851. His death marked the loss of a key leader for the Caucasian resistance.[9]
Anzorov remains a symbol of Kabardian resistance and a testament to the unity among North Caucasian peoples during the struggle against imperial domination. His efforts to protect the autonomy of his homeland and his commitment to the cause of the Imamate are remembered as significant contributions to the history of the Caucasian War.[10]
References
edit- ^ "Наибы Чечни — Нохчалла.com — Чечня, чеченцы, обычаи, традиции, история и многое другое" (in Russian). 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
- ^ Richmond, Walter (2008-06-11). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-00249-8.
- ^ Письменные памятники Востока (in Russian). Наука. 1974.
- ^ "Анзоров Мухаммед-Мирза » Адыги .RU - Новости Адыгеи, история, культура и традиции адыгов (черкесов)". Адыги .RU - Новости Адыгеи, история, культура и традиции адыгов (черкесов) (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-12-01.
- ^ Аджаматов, Багаутдин (2022-05-15). История первой Кавказской войны. Султан-Мут Великий (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-256764-3.
- ^ "Газават.ру :: История - Кавказская война - ПОЧЕМУ МАГОМЕТ-МИРЗА ПЕРЕШЕЛ К ШАМИЛЮ". www.gazavat.ru. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
- ^ Национально-освободительная борьба народов Северного Кавказа и проблемы мухаджирства: материалы всесоюзной научно-практической конференции, 24-26 октября 1990 г (in Russian). Эльбрус. 1994. ISBN 978-5-7680-0918-2.
- ^ Ашаханов, Тайгиб (2023-09-01). Великие Имена Кавказа (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-574369-3.
- ^ Gammer, Moshe (2003-07-30). Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-8141-2.
- ^ B.Z. Mansur, History of the Caucasian Imamate and Its Leaders, pp. 97-105.