Shams al-Dīn (شَمْس ٱلدِّين) Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Makkī ibn Ḥāmid al-Nabaṭī al-ʿĀmilī al-Jizzīnī[1] (1334–1385),[2] better known as al-Shāhīd al-Awwal[1] (Arabic: ٱلشَّهِيد ٱلْأَوَّل, "The First Martyr"), was a Shi'a scholar and the author of al-Lum'ah al-Dimashqiyah (ٱللُّمْعَة ٱلدِّمَشْقِيَّة) and. Although he is neither the first Muslim nor the first Shi'a to die for his religion, he became known as "Shahid al-Awwal" because he was probably the first Shia scholar of such stature to have been killed in a brutal manner.
Muḥammad ibn Makkī | |
|---|---|
| Title | Shams al-Din, al-Shahid al-Awwal |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1334, Jezzine |
| Died | 7 July 1385, Damascus (aged 51) |
| Religion | Islam |
| Era | Mamluk Sultanate |
| Denomination | Shia |
| Jurisprudence | Ja'fari |
| Creed | Twelver |
| Notable work(s) | The Damascene Glitter, The Forty Hadith, The Lessons, others |
Life
editHe was born in 734 AH (c. 1334) in Jabal 'Amel. His nisbah Al-Jizzeeni indicates that his family was also from Jizzeen in modern-day Lebanon. When Muhammad Al-Amili was 16 years old he went to study at the city of Hilla in modern-day Iraq. He returned home when he was 21. He used taqiyya to establish himself as one of the religious scholars of Damascus, using Sunni law to judge Sunnis, while covertly judging the Shia using Shia law.[2]
Death
editHe was killed on Thursday the ninth of Jumada al-awwal, 786 A.H. (ca. 1385) during the reign of Sultan Barquq. His death was in accordance with the fatwa of a jurist from the Maliki madhab, which was endorsed by a jurisprudent of the Shaf'i madhab. Accusations against him included rafd, defamation of senior Islamic personages, the companions and family of Muhammad, Aisha, Abu Bakr and Umar, following the Nusayri faith, and permitting the drinking of wine.[3]
These accusations were first brought against him by two of his former students from Jabal Amil, who were also former Twelver Shiites. One of them, Yusuf ibn Yahya, submitted a report (which included the signatures of 70 former Shiites from Jabal Amil) to the authorities detailing al-Amili's "vile doctrines and abominable beliefs."[4][5]
However, according to Shia biographer al-Khwansari, al-Amili denied these charges in a letter to the governor of Damascus, protesting his love for "the Prophet and all who loved him, all the Companions without exception."[6] He was imprisoned for one year, then beheaded by sword. His corpse was then crucified and stoned in Damascus whereby it was burned and the ashes were discarded into the air.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Scarcia Amoretti, B. (1993). "Muḥammad b. Makkī". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 407. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5361. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- ^ a b Phyllis G. Jestice (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 432. ISBN 9781576073551.
- ^ Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab (contributor) (2 Apr 2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris. p. 70. ISBN 9781860645617.
{{cite book}}:|author2=has generic name (help) - ^ STEFAN H. WINTER (1999). "Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Makki "al-Shahid al-Awwal" (d. 1384) and the Shi'ah of Syria" (PDF). Mamlūk Studies Review. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO: 173. doi:10.6082/M1862DM5. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab (contributor) (2 Apr 2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris. p. 69. ISBN 9781860645617.
{{cite book}}:|author2=has generic name (help) - ^ STEFAN H. WINTER (1999). "Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Makki "al-Shahid al-Awwal" (d. 1384) and the Shi'ah of Syria" (PDF). Mamlūk Studies Review. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO: 174. doi:10.6082/M1862DM5. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
External links
edit- http://www.annabaa.org/nba48/aalamshia.htm and references therein.