Munshi Mohammad Meherullah (1861 – 7 May 1907)[1] was a Bengali Islamic scholar, poet and social reformer.[1] He is best known for his oratory and writing on Islam and comparative religion and his efforts has been compared to Raja Ram Mohan Roy's defense of Hinduism against anti-Hindu views expounded by Christian missionaries in India.[2]
Munshi Mohammad Meherullah | |
|---|---|
মুনশী মোহাম্মদ মেহেরুল্লাহ | |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1861 |
| Died | 7 May 1907 (aged 45–46) |
| Senior posting | |
Disciples | |
| Arabic name | |
| Personal (Ism) | Muḥammad Mihirullāh محمد مهر الله |
| Patronymic (Nasab) | ibn Muḥammad Wārith بن محمد وارث |
| Toponymic (Nisba) | al-Jasarī الجسري |
Early life
editMeherullah was born in 1861, to a Bengali Muslim family of Munshis in Kaliganj under Jhenaidah subdivision, Jessore District of the Bengal Presidency. He learnt Bengali at a local school until the untimely death of his father, Munshi Muhammad Warith, when he was around 10 years old. He further continued his education under the guidance of Moulvi Ismail Sahib, with the financial help of his maternal family. He learned Arabic and Persian during these years. From another teacher, Munshi Musabuddin, he learned Urdu. With his vast knowledge of languages and the Quran, he became not only an important figure in his local community but someone who could converse with members of elite households in Dhaka and Calcutta. The elite spoke and wrote in different languages, depending on where they resided and who they were. He was a polyglot, visionary and a channel for communication between these people of different socio-economic classes. Interestingly, along with everything else, Meherullah was a businessman. After doing a government job for a short while, he got trained as a tailor and used his business not only to support his family but to stay in touch with his community.
Religious conversions
editDuring his lifetime, Christian missionaries moved into disaster struck rural parts of Bengal and started conversion of Muslims with the promise of hospitals, food and education. The salvation that the missionaries provided, improved lives but at the cost of having to give up on one's beliefs.
Young Meherullah was initially attracted to Christianity, seeing the charitable efforts of the Missionaries.[3] Muhammad Abdul Majid mentions this in Chotoder Munshi Mohammad Meher Ullah. According to Majid, Meherullah became a Christian, moved to Darjeeling and lived under the patronage of Christian missionaries.[citation needed] There, he studied not only the Bible but the books written by Muslim dais and decided to revert to Islam and shed light on the beauty of Islam to the people who were converted with misinformation used to vilify Islam .[citation needed]
Religious activism
editAbul Ahsan Chaudhuri points out that cycles of epidemics, flooding, famines, had unsettled agricultural ecosystem and the socio-economic infrastructure in Nadia and Jessore. As a result, the charitable efforts of Christian missionaries made the Muslim peasantry particularly vulnerable to conversion.[4]
Meherullah upon returning to Jessore District and with his re-converted disciple Shaikh Jamiruddin adopted oratory method known as bahas[citation needed] (disputation) and sought to refute Christian missionaries.[5][6] He was able to re-convert numerous Muslims who had been converted to Christianity. He established Madrasaye Karamatia and Islam Dharmottejika Sabha in 1889 at Manoharpur village in Jessore. He contributed regularly to Muslim newspapers like the Sudhakar and Islam Pracharak published from Kolkata.[1][3]
According to Kenneth W. Jones, no other Muslim preacher contributed to polemical literature in that period. While debating Christian missionaries, Meherullah did not vilify them. He called for intra-communal harmony.[3]
Also, among his other major contributions, Meherullah strived to teach the Muslim population not to adopt primitive ideas from their neighboring Hindu society, which was opposed to the remarriage of widows.
Notable works
editMeherullah wrote at least 10 books between 1886 and 1908, which include[7]
- Isayee Ba Khristani Dhoka Bhanjan
- Khristiya Dharmer Asarata (The hollowness of the Christian religion, 1887),
- Bidhabagavjana O Bisadbhandar (Sufferings of Widows, 1894),
- Meherul Islam (1897);
- Hindu Dharma Rahasya O Devalila (1898, 2 editions)
- Mussalman O Christian Tarkayuddha (Muslim and Christian Debates, 1908; 2 editions).
- Rodde Khrishtian O Dlaliul Islam[3]
- Babu Ishanchandra Mandal and Charles French er Eslam Grahan (Embracing of Islam by Babu Ishanchandra Mandal and Charles French),
- Slokmala (Compilation of verses)
Death and legacy
editMeherullah died on 7 May 1907.[1] An obituary in the Mihir-o-Sudhakar written by Sheikh Abdur Rahim, wrote:
"The political and religious world of Bengali Muslims is shrouded in great darkness. The person who dedicated his life to the uplift and reform of religion and society and infused a new life in Bengali Muslims, that preacher of the true values of Islam, Munshi Mohammad Meherullah, alas, is no more. The Christian padris shook in fear when they heard him defend Islam. His advice brought many Christian converts back into the fold."[4]
Other publications such as the Islam Pracharak, the Moslem Suhrid, expressed profound grief.[4]
His protege Shaikh Jamiruddin wrote a hagiographic biography, Meher Charit.[4] Professor Abdul Hai, remarked "Meherullah proved to be the Ram Mohan Roy of the Muslims of Bengal — Roy saved the Hindus from being converted to Christianity in the early nineteenth century and Meherullah saved the Muslims from being proselytized to Christianity in the late Nineteenth century."[2][5]
A railway station in Jessore was named after him. Bangladesh published a stamp of face value 2 taka in his honor in 1995.[8] A hall of the Jashore University of Science and Technology is named after him.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Hussain, Mohsin (2012). "Meherullah, Munshi Mohammad". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ a b Abdul Hai, Muhammad; Ahsan, Syed Ali (2010). Bangla Sahityer Itibritto: Adhunik Jug (History of Bengali Literature: Modern Period) (11th Reprint ed.). Dhaka: Ahmed Publishing House. pp. 13 and 99.
- ^ a b c d Jones, Kenneth W. (1992). Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages. SUNY Press. pp. 104–111. ISBN 978-0791408285. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d Banerjee, Mou (2023-01-30). "Munshi Meherullah of Jessore and religious identity in 19th century Bengal". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- ^ a b Kabir, Nurul (1 September 2013). "Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XVI". New Age. Dhaka. Archived from [htbtp://old-archives.newagebd.net/special.php?spid=31&id=154 the original] on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
- ^ Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. pp. 229–231. ISBN 978-1-84774-062-5.
- ^ Kabir, Nurul (1 September 2013). "Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XV". The New Age. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ "Bangladesh 1995 Commemorative Stamps". Stampedia. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
- ^ "Jashore University of Science & Technology". Jashore University of Science & Technology. Retrieved 2023-05-01.