Murtaza Bhutto (Sindhi: مير غلام مرتضيٰ ڀٽو; Urdu: مُرتضٰی بُھٹّو, 18 September 1954 – 20 September 1996) was a Pakistani politician and leader of al-Zulfiqar, a Pakistani left-wing militant organization.[1][2] The son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, he earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University and a master's degree from the University of Oxford. Murtaza founded al-Zulfiqar after his father was overthrown and executed in 1979 by the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq. In 1981, he claimed responsibility for the murder of conservative politician Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi, and the hijacking of a Pakistan International Airlines airplane from Karachi, during which a hostage was killed.[3][4] In exile in Afghanistan, Murtaza was sentenced to death in absentia by a military tribunal.
Murtaza Bhutto | |
|---|---|
| مير غلام مرتضيٰ ڀٽو | |
 | |
| Born | 18 September 1954 |
| Died | 20 September 1996 (aged 42) |
| Cause of death | Police encounter |
| Resting place | Bhutto family mausoleum, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan |
| Alma mater | Harvard University University of Oxford |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto) |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | 2 (Fatima and Zulfikar) |
| Parent(s) | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Nusrat Ispahani |
| Relatives | See Bhutto family |
| Allegiance | Al-Zulfiqar |
| Motive | Overthrow of Zia regime |
| Conviction(s) | 1981 by military tribunal |
| Criminal charge | Airplane hijacking, terrorism |
| Penalty | Death |
He returned to Pakistan in 1993 and was arrested for terrorism on the orders of his sister, then-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Released on bail, Murtaza successfully contested elections to the Sindh Provincial Assembly, becoming a vocal critic of Benazir and her husband Asif Ali Zardari. After increasing tensions between the two, he was shot dead along with six associates in a police encounter near his home in Karachi on 20 September 1996.[5][6] Benazir's government was dismissed a month later by President Farooq Leghari, primarily citing Murtaza's death and corruption.[7] Zardari was arrested and indicted for Murtaza's murder,[8] but acquitted in 2008.[9][10] Murtaza's own faction of his father's Pakistan People's Party–Shaheed Bhutto, remains active in politics.
Biography
editEarly life and education
editBorn into the Bhutto family in Karachi on 18 September 1954, to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto, he received his early education at St. Mary's Academy.[11] He was born in a Sindhi Rajput Bhutto family, and has three siblings: Benazir, Shahnawaz and Sanam.[12] He later passed his 'O' levels from the Karachi Grammar School in 1971.[11] In 1972, Murtaza went off to Harvard University where he took his bachelor's degree.[11] For a period of time, he was the roommate of Texas gubernatorial candidate and former mayor of Houston, Bill White. In 1976, Bhutto graduated with his thesis entitled "Modicum of Harmony".[11] His thesis dealt with the spread of nuclear weapons in general, and the implications of India's nuclear weapons on Pakistan in particular.[11] Murtaza went on to attend Christ Church Oxford, his father's alma mater, for a three-year Master of Letters (MLitt) degree course.[11] Bhutto submitted his master thesis, containing a vast argumentative work on Nuclear strategic studies, where he advocated for Pakistan's right to develop its nuclear deterrence programme to counter Indian nuclear programme.[11]
Al-Zulfiqar
editThe Al-Zulfiqar Organization (AZO) was born at this point, and disgruntled elements among the younger members of the PPP, disappointed in the party's leadership, flocked to Murtaza's side. The AZO, however, went on to earn the title of terrorist organisation due to its various terrorist activities throughout the country, a label which dogged Murtaza till he died. For his part, Murtaza always denied the charge that he espoused the politics of terrorism.[13]
1981 PIA hijack
editAl-Zulfiqar hijacked a Pakistan International Airlines flight after and diverted it to Kabul in March 1981. From Kabul the journey went on to Damascus, Syria.[14] The hijacking went on for thirteen days, during which Murtaza shot Major Tariq Rahim for being an Army officer. Rahim was executed following Murtaza's conferring with Afghan Intelligence (KHAD) chief Mohammad Najibullah. The Zia government had to accept the demands of the hijackers, releasing dozens of prisoners languishing in Pakistani jails and flying them to Tripoli.[14]
According to Vasili Mitrokhin, before the hijacking event Bhutto visited Kabul and met Najibullah on three occasions, together agreeing to fight the Pakistani regime through a plane hijacking in late 1980. Then during the hijacking when the plane was on the Kabul tarmac, Najibullah secretly met Bhutto in disguise at the plane. The KGB offered advice to Najibullah on exploiting the situation politically against Pakistan. Bhutto requested additional Al-Zulfiqar members to join them and Najibullah provided them with money, explosives, and weapons.[15]
Rift with Asif Ali Zardari
editHe was not happy with the ways of Benazir's husband Asif Ali Zardari and wanted him removed from influence in the PPP. When Benazir decided to side with her husband, Murtaza became a strong critic of the PPP government and the ongoing corruption.[citation needed] It is widely believed in Pakistan that this incident drove Zardari to rage and he used police machinery to assassinate Murtaza Bhutto. Benazir became highly unpopular after this incident and her limo was stoned by PPP workers when she tried to visit Murtaza's funeral ceremonies. After Benazir's government was dismissed in 1996,[16] Zardari was detained for having a part in Murtaza's assassination.[17] However, no charges were ever proven due to lack of evidence.
Personal life
editBhutto fell in love with an Afghan girl named Fauzia Fasihuddin in Afghanistan. He married Fauzia in 1980, and his brother Shahnawaz married her sister Rehana Fasihuddin.[13] They had a daughter Fatima Bhutto. However, the marriage ended in divorce, and Bhutto along with his daughter moved to Syria, where he married the Lebanese dancer Ghinwa Bhutto in 1989. Bhutto, with his wife Ghinwa and daughter Fatima, later moved to Karachi in 1990, where the couple's son Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Jr was born.[18][19]
Police trial
editDuring the 13 years that the trial dragged on, a number of judges were appointed to hear the murder case. The change of judges is one of the many reasons behind the delay in disposal of the present case. Other reasons include a lack of interest of the prosecution witnesses and long adjournments sought by the counsel for President Asif Ali. The acquitted included Mazhar Memon, Asghar Ali, Asif Ali Jatoi, Mehmood Bhallai, Ghulam Mustafa Chandio and Akhter Ali Mirani. The police personnel acquitted include Shoaib Suddle, Wajid Durrani, Masood Sharif, Rai Tahir and others who were prosecution witnesses in this case.[20]
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Bhatia, Shyam (29 February 2016). "A Strange Encounter With Murtaza Bhutto". Outlook India.
- Ahmed, Khaled (3 October 2015). "Who killed Murtaza Bhutto?". Indian Express.
References
edit- ^ Sethi, Najam: The Dilemma of Murtaza Bhutto, The Friday Times, (1993)
- ^ [http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/raja+anwar/the+terrorist+prince/5493636/Anwar, Raja
- ^ History of PIA: Hijackings
- ^ al-Zufikar, the Unsaid History, DAWN 2010
- ^ Mir Murtaza was shot dead by the police in 1996 on his way home in Karachi.
- ^ BBC – Bhuttos: Cursed dynasty
- ^ Burns, John F (5 November 1996). "Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest". The New York Times
- ^ "Pakistan ex-premier's spouse indicted for murder". The New York Times. 6 July 1997.
- ^ Zardari acquitted, DAWN 2008
- ^ In 2008, Asif Zardari was acquitted of the charges of ordering the murder.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Murtaza Bhutto". PPPSB. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010.
- ^ Arshad, Sameer (7 May 2013). "Caste plays dominant role in Pak elections". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ a b "The Story of Al-Zulfiqar ‹ The Friday Times". www.thefridaytimes.com. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ^ a b Ali, Tariq (8 September 2009). The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power. Simon and Schuster. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-1-4165-6102-6.
- ^ Mitrokhin, Vasiliy (July 2002). "The KGB in Afghanistan" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 136. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "President dismisses Bhutto government". The Independent. 5 November 1996. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Pakistan Ex-Premier's Spouse Indicted for Murder". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 6 July 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ Salman, Peerzada (23 June 2017). "Bhutto Jr steps into art world, raises hopes". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
- ^ Walsh, Declan (11 January 2008). "The broken bloodline". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
- ^ Ishaq Tanoli. "Accused police acquitted inMurtaza murder case". Dawn.com. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
External links
edit- Interview with FatimaBhutto Radio France Internationale in English
- Ahmad, Imtiaz (21 September 2017). "Musharraf says Zardari involved in assassination of Benazir, Murtaza Bhutto". Hindustan Times.