Musala (Bulgarian: Мусала [mosɐˈɫa]); from Arabic through Ottoman Turkish: from Musalla, "near God" or "place for prayer" [1][2] is the highest peak in the Rila Mountains, as well as in Bulgaria and the entire Balkan Peninsula, standing at 2,925.42 metres (9,597.8 ft).[3]
| Musala | |
|---|---|
| Мусала | |
 Musala seen from the south | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,925.4 m (9,598 ft) |
| Prominence | 2,473 m (8,114 ft) |
| Isolation | 810 km (500 mi)  |
| Listing | Country high point Ultra |
| Coordinates | 42°10′47″N 23°35′12″E / 42.17972°N 23.58667°E |
| Geography | |
  Musala Musala in Bulgaria | |
| Location | Sofia Region, Bulgaria |
| Parent range | Rila |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Gondola lift from Borovets, then hike |
With a topographic prominence of 2,473 metres (8,114 ft), Musala is also the 6th highest peak by topographic prominence in mainland Europe.[4] It is also the 3rd most topographically isolated major peak in Continental Europe.[5]
Musala is situated within the Rila National Park, which is noted for its rich flora, including species such as Macedonian Pine and Bulgarian Fir in the forests on its middle slopes, and fauna; it is one of the easiest places in Europe to see the wallcreeper. All major mountain ranges of Bulgaria can be seen from the top; these include Vitosha to the northwest, Sredna Gora towards the northeast, the Balkan Mountains along most of the northern horizon behind Vitosha and Sredna Gora, the Rhodope Mountains to the southeast, Pirin to the south, Osogovo and Ruy Mountain to the west, and of course, the rest of Rila.
A cosmic ray station was built on the peak in 1960 with cooperation from the Hungarian Academy of Science. The station conducted scientific experiments using a muon telescope. The station was destroyed by an electrical fire on October 29, 1983.[6]
With an average annual temperature of -2.2 °C, Musala is the coldest place in Bulgaria and the entire Balkan Peninsula.[citation needed] Temperatures stay below 0 °C for about 8 months each year.[7] Due to this, about 45% of the annual precipitation on Musala is snow, and snow cover lasts for about 200 days (more than six months).[citation needed] Three of the main rivers of Bulgaria, the Iskar, Maritsa and Mesta have their sources near Musala.
The next highest peaks in the vicinity of Musala are Malka (Little) Musala (2,902 metres (9,521 ft)) and Irechek (2,852 metres (9,357 ft)).
Climate
editMusala has an alpine climate with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Usually, through winter, the temperatures do not exceed the freezing point for months. Snow cover lasts for about 8–9 months. Through the summer, temperatures rarely go above 14-15C. The summer season only lasts for 2 months, and snowfalls are possible. For the period 1931–2013, the highest recorded temperature was 20.0 °C (68.0 °F), and the lowest - −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F). The average annual temperature is −2.5 °C (27.5 °F), which makes the peak the coldest place in Bulgaria.
| Climate data for Musala Peak (2000–2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
0.7 (33.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.8 (7.2) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.6 (−23.1) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−26.8 (−16.2) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−12 (10) |
−8 (18) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−14 (7) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−27.4 (−17.3) |
−31.2 (−24.2) |
−31.2 (−24.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 126 (5.0) |
110 (4.3) |
130 (5.1) |
128 (5.0) |
119 (4.7) |
105 (4.1) |
80 (3.1) |
56 (2.2) |
47 (1.9) |
72 (2.8) |
88 (3.5) |
115 (4.5) |
1,176 (46.3) |
| Average rainy days | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 39 |
| Average snowy days | 13 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 14 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 124 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 114 | 112 | 140 | 127 | 168 | 181 | 250 | 250 | 182 | 169 | 128 | 104 | 1,925 |
| Source: Stringmeteo.com | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Musala Peak, 1991–2020 (elevation 2925m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.7 (14.5) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.2 (34.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−4.8 (23.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.5 (−17.5) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
−26.8 (−16.2) |
−22.5 (−8.5) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75 (3.0) |
74 (2.9) |
95 (3.7) |
98 (3.9) |
88 (3.5) |
80 (3.1) |
72 (2.8) |
55 (2.2) |
48 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
40 (1.6) |
68 (2.7) |
833 (32.9) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 123 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 126 | 119 | 142 | 134 | 159 | 170 | 228 | 241 | 185 | 165 | 124 | 106 | 1,899 |
| Source: NOAA[7] | |||||||||||||
Namesakes
editMusala Glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Musala Peak.
Gallery
edit-
-
Hikers near the summit of Musala. The pyramid in the background is the Everest shelter -
The Pirin Mountains can be seen from Musala -
The origin of the Maritsa River seen from Musala -
Musala as seen from Yastrebets. The chalet Musala and the Everest shelter can be seen as well.
See also
edit- Rila
- Malyovitsa
- Rila National Park
- List of mountains in Bulgaria
- Geography of Bulgaria
- List of mountains of the Balkans
- List of European ultra-prominent peaks
- List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks
- Most isolated major summits of Europe
- List of mountain ranges
- List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria
References
edit- ^ Известия на българското географско дружество, 1964 г. стр. 197.
- ^ Bŭlgarski ezik, Volume 19,Institut za bŭlgarski ezik (Bŭlgarska akademii͡a na naukite), 1969, str. 573.
- ^ "ГEOграфия'21, брой 5, 2007 г." www.prokarstterra.bas.bg. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
- ^ "Europe Ultra-Prominences". Peaklist. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- ^ "Most Isolated Peak of Europe Countries - Peakbagger.com".
- ^ Kavlakov, S. (2009-11-16). "Cosmic Ray investigations on peak Musala in Bulgaria: A memoir". Advances in Space Research. Cosmic Rays From Past to Present. 44 (10): 1178–1182. Bibcode:2009AdSpR..44.1178K. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.10.040.
- ^ a b "Musala Peak Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- "Мусала". Българска енциклопедия А-Я (in Bulgarian). БАН, Труд, Сирма. 2002. ISBN 978-954-8104-08-1. OCLC 163361648.
External links
edit- Musala – controllable web camera (in Bulgarian)
- Musala climb on youtube