Mustafayev (Russian: Мустафаев, Ukrainian: Мустафаєв) is an Azerbaijani masculine surname slavicized from the Arabic masculine given name Mustafa and the Russian ending "-(y)ev"; its feminine counterpart is Mustafayeva. Notable people with this surname include:
- Ali Mustafayev (1952–1991), Azerbaijani journalist
- Asan Mustafayev (born 1965), Ukrainian football coach and former player
- Aytən Mustafayeva (born 1968), Azerbaijani politician
- Bakir Mustafayev (1898–1978), Azerbaijani soldier
- Bunyamudin Mustafayev (born 1992), Russian footballer
- Chingiz Mustafayev (journalist) (1960–1992), Azerbaijani journalist
- Emil Mustafayev (born 2001), Ukrainian football player
- Eskender Mustafaiev (born 1981), Ukrainian swimmer
- Firuz Mustafayev, Prime minister of Azerbaijan 1992
- Imam Mustafayev (1910–1997), Azerbaijani politician
- Khydyr Mustafayev (1905–1975), Azerbaijani military officer
- Kseniya Moustafaeva (born 1995), French rhythmic gymnast
- Magomed Mustafaev (born 1988), Russian mixed martial artist
- Nataliya Mustafayeva (born 1985), Azerbaijani rower
- Roshen Mustafayev (1960–2009), Azerbaijani political scientist
- Rustam Mustafayev (1910–1940), Azerbaijani scenic designer
- Server Mustafayev
- Shahin Mustafayev (born 1965), Azerbaijani politician
- Vagif Mustafayev (born 1953), Azerbaijani film director, producer and screenwriter
- Vugar Mustafayev (born 1994), Azerbaijani football midfielder