NCAA Division I field hockey tournament

NCAA Division I field hockey tournament
Founded	1981
Number of teams	18
Current champions	North Carolina
Most successful club(s)	North Carolina (11)
Television broadcasters	ESPNU
Website	NCAA.com
	2023 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship

The NCAA Division I field hockey tournament is an American intercollegiate field hockey tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I national champion. The tournament has been held annually since 1981.

The championship is contested exclusively by women's teams and there is no equivalent NCAA men's field hockey championship.

The most successful team is the North Carolina Tar Heels, who have eleven titles. In addition, North Carolina has finished national runner-up an NCAA record eleven times. The most recent championship, in 2023, was also won by North Carolina.

History

Field hockey was one of 12 women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women's collegiate sports.^[1] The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA overcame the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership. The first NCAA women's national championship events were staged November 21–22, 1981, in cross country and field hockey.

The tournament originally began with six teams but has since expanded to 19; at different times a third-place game has been played as well. Under the tournament's current format, 19 teams qualify for the tournament with three play-in games. The play-in games and first two rounds are played at the home turf of the higher seeds in each matchup. The final four teams then move on to the championship rounds at a predetermined site.

AIAW champions

Past champions

NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship
Year	Site (Host Team)	Stadium	Championship			Third Place Final / Semifinalists
Year	Site (Host Team)	Stadium	Champion	Score	Runner-Up	Third-place	Score	Fourth-place
1981 Details	Storrs, CT	Memorial Stadium	UConn^[a]	4–1	Massachusetts	Old Dominion	2–1 (2OT, PS)	Long Beach State
1982 Details	Philadelphia, PA	Geasey Field	Old Dominion	3–2	UConn^[a]	Delaware	4–0	Penn State
1983 Details	Philadelphia, PA	Franklin Field	Old Dominion (2)	3–1 (3 OT)	UConn^[a]	Massachusetts	2–1 (2OT, PS)	Northwestern
1984 Details	Springfield, MA	Stagg Field	Old Dominion (3)	5–1	Iowa	Temple, UConn^[a]
1985 Details	Norfolk, VA	Foreman Field	UConn^[a] (2)	3–2	Old Dominion	Northwestern	5–0	Boston U.
1986 Details	Norfolk, VA	Foreman Field	Iowa	2–1 (2 OT)	New Hampshire	North Carolina	4–0	Penn State
1987 Details	Chapel Hill, NC	Navy Field	Maryland	2–1 (OT)	North Carolina	Massachusetts	3–1	Iowa
1988 Details	Philadelphia, PA	Franklin Field	Old Dominion (4)	2–1	Iowa	Northeastern	1–0	Penn
1989 Details	Springfield, MA	Stagg Field	North Carolina	2–1 (3OT, PS)	Old Dominion	Northwestern	2–1	Iowa
1990 Details	Piscataway, NJ	Bauer Field	Old Dominion (5)	5–0	North Carolina	Iowa	1–0	Penn State
1991 Details	Villanova, PA	Villanova Stadium	Old Dominion (6)	2–0	North Carolina	Maryland	2–1 (OT)	Penn State
1992 Details	Richmond, VA	Cary Street Field	Old Dominion (7)	4–0	Iowa	North Carolina, Massachusetts
1993 Details	Piscataway, NJ	Bauer Field	Maryland (2)	2–1 (2OT, PS)	North Carolina	Penn State, Iowa
1994 Details	Brookline, MA	Parsons Field	James Madison	2–1 (2OT, PS)	North Carolina	Northwestern, Iowa
1995 Details	Winston-Salem, NC	Kentner Stadium^[2]	North Carolina (2)	5–1	Maryland	James Madison, Northeastern
1996 Details	Chestnut Hill, MA	Alumni Stadium	North Carolina (3)	3–0	Princeton	Old Dominion, Northeastern
1997 Details	Storrs, CT	George J. Sherman Family-Sports Complex	North Carolina (4)	3–2	Old Dominion	·Virginia, Princeton
1998 Details	Philadelphia, PA	Franklin Field	Old Dominion (8)	3–2	Princeton	UConn^[a], Virginia
1999 Details	Brookline, MA	Parsons Field	Maryland (3)	2–1	Michigan	Iowa, UConn^[a]
2000 Details	Norfolk, VA	Foreman Field	Old Dominion (9)	3–1	North Carolina	Wake Forest, Maryland
2001 Details	Kent, OH	Dix Stadium	Michigan	2–0	Maryland	Wake Forest, Princeton
2002 Details	Louisville, KY	Trager Stadium^[3]	Wake Forest	2–0	Penn State	Old Dominion, Michigan State
2003 Details	Amherst, MA	Richard F. Garber Field	Wake Forest (2)	3–1	Duke	Maryland, Michigan
2004 Details	Winston-Salem, NC	Kentner Stadium	Wake Forest (3)	3–0	Duke	Maryland, Michigan State
2005 Details	Louisville, KY	Trager Stadium	Maryland (4)	1–0	Duke	Old Dominion, Wake Forest
2006 Details	Winston-Salem, NC	Kentner Stadium	Maryland (5)	1–0	Wake Forest	Duke, UConn^[a]
2007 Details	College Park, MD	Maryland Field Hockey & Lacrosse Complex	North Carolina (5)	3–0	Penn State	UConn^[a], Wake Forest
2008 Details	Louisville, KY	Trager Stadium	Maryland (6)	4–2	Wake Forest	Iowa, Syracuse
2009 Details	Winston-Salem, NC	Kentner Stadium	North Carolina (6)	3–2	Maryland	Princeton, Virginia
2010 Details	College Park, MD	Maryland Field Hockey & Lacrosse Complex	Maryland (7)	3–2 (2OT)	North Carolina	Virginia, Ohio State
2011 Details	Louisville, KY	Trager Stadium	Maryland (8)	3-2 (OT)	North Carolina	Old Dominion, UConn^[a]
2012 Details	Norfolk, VA	L.R. Hill Sports Complex	Princeton	3–2	North Carolina	Maryland, Syracuse
2013 Details	Norfolk, VA	L.R. Hill Sports Complex	UConn (3)	2–0	Duke	North Carolina, Maryland
2014 Details	College Park, MD	Maryland Field Hockey & Lacrosse Complex	UConn (4)	1–0	Syracuse	Albany, North Carolina
2015 Details	Ann Arbor, MI	Phyllis Ocker Field	Syracuse	4–2	North Carolina	Duke, UConn
2016 Details	Norfolk, VA	L.R. Hill Sports Complex	Delaware	3–2	North Carolina	Princeton, UConn
2017 Details	Louisville, KY	Trager Stadium	UConn (5)	2–1	Maryland	North Carolina, Michigan
2018 Details	Louisville, KY	Trager Stadium	North Carolina (7)	2–0	Maryland	Wake Forest, Princeton
2019 Details	Winston-Salem, NC	Kentner Stadium	North Carolina (8)	6–1	Princeton	Boston College, Virginia
2020 Details	Chapel Hill, NC	Karen Shelton Stadium	North Carolina (9)	4–3 (OT)	Michigan	Iowa, Louisville
2021 Details	Ann Arbor, MI	Phyllis Ocker Field	Northwestern	2–0	Liberty	Harvard, Maryland
2022 Details	Storrs, CT	Sherman Complex	North Carolina (10)	2–1	Northwestern	Penn State, Maryland
2023 Details	Chapel Hill, NC	Karen Shelton Stadium	North Carolina (11)	2–1 (2OT, PS)	Northwestern	Duke, Virginia
2024 Details	Ann Arbor, MI	Phyllis Ocker Field
2025 Details	Durham, NC	Williams Field at Jack Katz Stadium

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Used "Connecticut" as its primary athletic brand before the 2013 season.

Team titles

North Carolina

Old Dominion

Maryland

UConn

Wake Forest

Iowa

James Madison

Michigan

Princeton

Syracuse

Delaware

Northwestern

class=notpageimage|

NCAA National Championships by school: 11, 9, 8, 5, 3, 1

Team	Number	Winning years
North Carolina	11	1989, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2007, 2009, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023
Old Dominion	9	1982, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000
Maryland	8	1987, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011
UConn	5	1981, 1985, 2013, 2014, 2017
Wake Forest	3	2002, 2003, 2004
Iowa	1	1986
James Madison	1	1994
Michigan	1	2001
Princeton	1	2012
Syracuse	1	2015
Delaware	1	2016
Northwestern	1	2021

Statistics

Most Goals, Game: 10
- Old Dominion (1984; Old Dominion–10 vs. Virginia–0)
Most Goals, Both Teams: 13
- Maryland (2008; Maryland–8 vs. Duke–5)
Goals Per Game, Tournament: 5.67
- Old Dominion (1984)
Fewest Goals Allowed Per Game, Tournament: 0.00
- Old Dominion (1990, three games)
- Old Dominion (1992, three games)
- Wake Forest (2002, four games)
Penalty Corners, Game: 31
- Old Dominion (1984; vs. Virginia)

Individual records

Year	Player	Goals	Assists	Points
2006	Michelle Kasold, Wake Forest Lauren Crandall, Wake Forest	1 4	7 1	9
2007	Katelyn Falgowski, North Carolina Shaun Banta, Penn State	3 3	1 1	7
2008	Hilary Moore, Wake Forest	7	2	16
2009	Katie O'Donnell, Maryland	6	6	18
2010	Katie O'Donnell, Maryland	4	4	12
2011	Kelsey Kolojejchick, North Carolina	4	2	10
2012	Charlotte Craddock, North Carolina Kathleen Sharkey, Princeton	6 6	2 2	14
2013	Emmie Le Marchand, Duke	5	4	14

Most Goals, Single Game: 5
- Paula Infante, Maryland (2004; Maryland–5 vs. Delaware–2)
- Maartje van Rijswijk, Old Dominion (2012; Old Dominion–6 vs. Michigan–1)
Most Goals, Tournament: 11
- Marina DiGiacomo, Old Dominion (2000; four games)
Most Assists, Game: 6
- Cheryl Van Kuren, Old Dominion (1984; Old Dominion–10 vs. Virginia–0)
Most Assists, Tournament: 8
- Adrienne Yoder, Old Dominion (2000; four games)
Saves, Game: 36
- Missy Farwell, Virginia (1984; Virginia–2 vs. North Carolina–1)
Fewest Goals Allowed Per Game, Tournament: 0.00
- Kathy Fosina, Old Dominion (1990; three games)
- Kim Decker, Old Dominion (1992; three games)
- Katie Ridd, Wake Forest (2002; four games)

Result by school and by year

59 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least one year starting with 1981 (the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA). The results for all years are shown in this table below.^[4] Conference affiliations reflect those for the upcoming 2024 season.

The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament:

CH National Champion
RU National Runner-up
SF Semifinals
QF Quarterfinals (Two teams in 1981, four teams thereafter)
12 , 16 Round of 16 (Only 12 teams, 1982-1998)
• Play-In Round (Starting 2013)

School	Conference	#	QF	SF	CG	CH	81	82	83	84	85	86	87	88	89	90	91	92	93	94	95	96	97	98	99	00	01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23
School	Conference
North Carolina	ACC	40	33	27	22	11			QF	12	QF	SF	RU	QF	CH	RU	RU	SF	RU	RU	CH	CH	CH	QF	QF	RU	16		16	QF	16	16	CH	16	CH	RU	RU	RU	SF	SF	RU	RU	SF	CH	CH	CH	16	CH	CH
Old Dominion	Big East	32	26	17	12	9	SF	CH	CH	CH	RU	QF	QF	CH	RU	CH	CH	CH	12	QF	QF	SF	RU	CH	QF	CH	QF	SF	QF	16	SF	16	16			QF	SF	QF	16										16
Maryland	Big Ten	35	32	21	13	8					QF		CH	12		12	SF	QF	CH		RU	QF	QF	QF	CH	SF	RU	QF	SF	SF	CH	CH	QF	CH	RU	CH	CH	SF	SF	QF	16	QF	RU	RU	QF		SF	SF	QF
UConn	Big East	32	26	15	7	5	CH	RU	RU	SF	CH	QF		12		12						QF	QF	SF	SF	QF		16	QF	16	QF	SF	SF	16	16	QF	SF	QF	CH	CH	SF	SF	CH	QF	QF	QF
Wake Forest	ACC	18	13	10	5	3																			QF	SF	SF	CH	CH	CH	SF	RU	SF	RU	QF	16			QF	16	16		16	SF				16
Iowa	Big Ten	28	21	12	4	1		QF	QF	RU	QF	CH	SF	RU	SF	SF	QF	RU	SF	SF	QF	QF			SF					16		16	16	SF			16	16						16	QF	SF	QF	QF	16
Princeton	Ivy League	25	18	9	4	1		12												12	QF	RU	SF	RU		QF	SF	QF	16		16	QF		QF	SF	QF	16	CH	QF	16	QF	SF	QF	SF	RU			16
Northwestern	Big Ten	19	16	7	3	1		QF	SF	QF	SF	QF	QF	QF	SF	QF	12		QF	SF																				16			QF		16	QF	CH	RU	RU
Michigan	Big Ten	19	13	5	3	1																			RU	QF	CH	16	SF	QF	QF		QF			16	QF	16			QF	16	SF	QF	16	RU	QF	16
Syracuse	ACC	17	13	4	2	1													QF		12						QF							SF	QF	QF	QF	SF	16	RU	CH	QF	16		16		QF	QF	QF
James Madison	MAC	9	4	2	1	1													QF	CH	SF		12		16			16				16	QF	16
Delaware	CAA	13	2	2	1	1		SF						12																16					16				16	•	16	CH	16		16	12	16	16
Duke	ACC	19	15	7	4	-												QF				12			16			QF	RU	RU	RU	SF	16	QF			QF		RU	QF	SF	QF	QF	QF	16				SF
Penn State	Big Ten	35	21	8	2	-		SF	QF	12	12	SF	12	QF	12	SF	SF	QF	SF	QF	QF	12	QF	QF	16	16		RU	QF		16	QF	RU	16		16	QF	QF	16	QF		16	QF	16			16	SF
UMass	Atlantic 10	26	11	4	1	-	RU	12	SF	12	12	12	SF	QF	QF	QF	12	SF	QF			12	12	12	QF	QF	16						16	16		16		16	QF		16	16
New Hampshire	America East	10	3	1	1	-			12	QF	QF	RU	12		12									12		16											16		16
Liberty	Big East	5	1	1	1	-																																	•	16							RU	16	16
Virginia	ACC	27	14	6	-	-		12		QF	12		12					12			12	QF	SF	SF	16	16	QF					QF	16	QF	SF	SF		QF	16		QF	QF	16	16	SF		16	16	SF
Northeastern	CAA	16	8	3	-	-								SF	QF	QF	QF	12		12	SF	SF	12	12			16	QF	16	QF							16	16
Michigan State	Big Ten	9	7	2	-	-																					QF	SF	QF	SF			16	QF	QF	16			QF
Temple	Big East	6	5	1	-	-		QF	QF	SF						QF	QF	12
Boston College	ACC	12	4	1	-	-														QF			12	QF					16	16	16				16				16	16	QF	16			SF
Boston University	Patriot	14	3	1	-	-					SF				12		QF		12			12			16	16					16	16	QF							16	16		16	•
Louisville	ACC	11	3	1	-	-																							16					16						16	16	16	16		QF	SF	16	16	QF
Harvard	Ivy League	8	3	1	-	-											12									16		16		16												16		QF			SF		QF
Ohio State	Big Ten	7	2	1	-	-														12							16				16	QF			16	SF	16
Albany	America East	7	2	1	-	-																												16		16		16		SF	16			16				QF
Penn	Ivy League	5	2	1	-	-			12			12		SF	QF				12
Long Beach State	defunct	1	1	1	-	-	SF
Rutgers	Big Ten	5	3	-	-	-				QF		QF																																16			QF		16
Ball State	MAC	4	3	-	-	-												QF		QF	12		QF
Stanford	ACC	18	2	-	-	-					12	12	12			12	12				12					16							16		16	16	16	16		QF	16	16	•		16	QF
American	Patriot	12	2	-	-	-																							16	QF	QF	16		16	16	16			16			16			•		16		16
Providence	Big East	3	2	-	-	-							QF		QF	12
California	ACC	11	1	-	-	-		QF	12									12	12	12							16	16	16		16	16																	•
Saint Joseph's	Atlantic 10	6	1	-	-	-																																					16	16	16		16	QF	16
San Jose State	defunct	4	1	-	-	-	QF	12	12	12
Chico State	defunct	2	1	-	-	-						12	QF
Indiana	Big Ten	2	1	-	-	-																									QF				16
Drexel	CAA	2	1	-	-	-																													QF			16
Purdue	Big Ten	1	1	-	-	-	QF
Bucknell	Patriot	1	1	-	-	-																																								QF
Kent State	MAC	8	-	-	-	-																		12	16	16	16	16												16	•	•
Richmond	Atlantic 10	8	-	-	-	-																						16	16	16	16	16			16		16			•
Miami (OH)	MAC	8	-	-	-	-																																	•				16	16	•	12	16	16	16
Fairfield	Northeast	5	-	-	-	-																					16														•		•		16		•
William & Mary	CAA	4	-	-	-	-																				16		16																16					16
Ohio	MAC	3	-	-	-	-																					16						16				16
Monmouth	CAA	3	-	-	-	-																																		•		•		•
Pacific	defunct	2	-	-	-	-									12															16
Lafayette	Patriot	2	-	-	-	-																			16													16
Rider	Northeast	2	-	-	-	-																																								12		•
West Chester	D2	1	-	-	-	-								12
Brown	Ivy League	1	-	-	-	-																			16
Quinnipiac	Big East	1	-	-	-	-																																	•
VCU	Atlantic 10	1	-	-	-	-																																								12
Maine	America East	1	-	-	-	-																																									•
Lehigh	Patriot	1	-	-	-	-																																										•
Sacred Heart	TBA^[a]	1	-	-	-	-																																											•

^ Sacred Heart left the Northeast Conference for the non-sponsoring Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference after the 2023 season. The school has not announced a field hockey affiliation for 2024.

All-time record

Source:^[5]

as of end of 2022 championship

school indicates schools belong to Division II.
school indicates schools that no longer sponsor field hockey.
School indicates they have win at least one championship.
Other bold indicates most in respective column.

Team	App	C	F	3	GP	W	L	Pct	GF	GA	GD	Notes
Albany	7	0	0	1	10	3	7	.300	13	18	-5
American	12	0	0	0	15	4	11	.267	19	46	-27
Ball State	4	0	0	0	7	3	4	.429	14	18	-4
Boston College	12	0	0	1	17	5	12	.294	23	50	-27
Boston University	14	0	0	1	20	6	14	.300	32	38	-6
Brown	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	0	6	-6
Bucknell	1	0	0	0	2	1	1	.500	2	3	-1
California	11	0	0	0	11	1	10	.091	10	28	-18
Chico State	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	0	3	-3	No longer sponsors field hockey
Connecticut	32	5	2	8	74	47	27	.635	163	115	48	Two consecutive champion
Delaware	13	1	0	1	21	9	12	.429	39	59	-20
Drexel	2	0	0	0	3	1	2	.333	3	12	-9
Duke	19	0	4	2	42	24	18	.571	103	85	-18
Fairfield	5	0	0	0	6	1	5	.167	9	25	-16
Harvard	8	0	0	0	10	3	7	.300	18	30	-12
Indiana	2	0	0	0	3	1	2	.333	3	9	-6
Iowa	28	1	3	8	55	29	26	.527	105	87	18
James Madison	9	1	0	1	14	6	8	.429	18	22	-4
Kent State	8	0	0	0	9	1	8	.111	14	28	-14
Lafayette	2	0	0	0	2	0	2	.000	0	8	-8
Lehigh	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	0	4	-4
Liberty	5	0	1	0	8	4	4	.500	13	11	2
Long Beach State	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	.500	2	2	0
Louisville	11	0	0	1	12	2	10	.167	8	22	-14
Maine	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	2	3	-1
Maryland	35	8	5	8	93	67	26	.720	235	148	87	Two consecutive champion (twice)
Massachusetts	26	0	1	3	39	13	26	.333	58	91	-33
Miami (OH)	8	0	0	0	11	4	7	.364	24	24	0
Michigan	19	1	2	2	39	21	18	.538	82	83	-1
Michigan State	9	0	0	2	19	10	9	.526	42	35	7
Monmouth	3	0	0	0	3	0	3	.000	8	11	-3
New Hampshire	10	0	1	0	12	2	10	.167	16	36	-20
North Carolina	40	10	11	5	105	76	29	.724	289	158	131	Three consecutive champion (twice)
Northeastern	16	0	0	3	27	11	16	.407	37	54	-17
Northwestern	19	1	1	4	35	18	17	.514	52	50	2
Ohio	3	0	0	0	3	0	3	.000	1	7	-6
Ohio State	7	0	0	1	10	3	7	.300	15	29	-14
Old Dominion	32	9	3	5	71	49	22	.690	223	122	101	Three consecutive champion (twice)
Pacific	2	0	0	0	2	0	2	.000	2	5	-3
Penn	5	0	0	1	7	2	5	.286	8	16	-8
Penn State	35	0	2	6	62	27	35	.435	106	117	-9
Princeton	25	1	3	5	56	32	24	.571	148	143	5
Providence	3	0	0	0	4	1	3	.250	5	12	-7
Purdue	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	1	2	-1
Quinnipiac	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	1	3	-2
Richmond	8	0	0	0	8	0	8	.000	4	28	-24
Rider	2	0	0	0	2	0	2	.000	1	12	-11
Rutgers	5	0	0	0	7	3	4	.429	12	18	-6
Saint Joseph's	6	0	0	0	6	1	5	.167	7	19	-12
San Jose State	4	0	0	0	4	0	4	.000	4	11	-7
Stanford	18	0	0	0	21	3	18	.143	18	71	-53
Syracuse	17	1	1	2	34	19	15	.559	86	75	11
Temple	6	0	0	1	10	4	6	.400	15	22	-7
VCU	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	.000	1	2	-1
Virginia	26	0	0	5	43	17	26	.395	88	108	-20
Wake Forest	18	3	2	5	46	31	15	.674	126	79	47	Three consecutive champion
West Chester	2	0	0	0	3	1	2	.333	4	4	0
William & Mary	4	0	0	0	4	1	3	.250	6	11	-5

References

^ "AIAW Championship Results" (PDF). NCAA.org. NCAA. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
^ Facilities. Kentner Stadium wakeforestsports.com ^{[dead link]}
^ Facilities. Marshall Center gocards.com ^{[dead link]}
^ "NCAA Field Hockey Records". NCAA. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
^ "All-Time Championship Tournament Records and Results" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved December 24, 2022.

External links

NCAA field hockey link
"2012 NCAA Women's Field Hockey Records Book" (PDF). (105 KiB)

[UConn-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Used "Connecticut" as its primary athletic brand before the 2013 season.

[6] Sacred Heart left the Northeast Conference for the non-sponsoring Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference after the 2023 season. The school has not announced a field hockey affiliation for 2024.

[1] "AIAW Championship Results" (PDF). NCAA.org. NCAA. Retrieved July 16, 2023.

[3] Facilities. Kentner Stadium wakeforestsports.com ^{[dead link]}

[4] Facilities. Marshall Center gocards.com ^{[dead link]}

[FF_Record_book-5] "NCAA Field Hockey Records". NCAA. Retrieved April 4, 2019.

[7] "All-Time Championship Tournament Records and Results" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved December 24, 2022.

[1]

[a]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[a]

[5]